Scientific Method
An observation
What is information gathered using the senses
The organelles that is the powerhouse of the cell
What is mitochondria
the function of carbohydrates
What is Provides quick energy for the body
Give an example of a biotic and abiotic factor.
What is Biotic = living (e.g., tree, fish), Abiotic = non-living (e.g., water, sunlight, temperature)
Known as the "Father of Genetics"
What is Gregor Mendel
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ (Carbon dioxide + Water + Light energy → Glucose + Oxygen)
The 8 characteristics of life?
What is made of cells, DNA, Grow and develop, respond to stimuli, maintain homeostasis, reproduce, use energy, adapt over time
The difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
What is Prokaryotic cells (bacteria) have no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles; eukaryotic cells (plants, animals) do.
The 4 macromolecules
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
The difference between a food chain and a food web
What is A food chain shows one pathway of energy flow; a food web shows multiple interconnected food chains.
the difference between dominant and recessive traits
What is Dominant traits show with one allele (AA, Aa), recessive traits need two copies (aa) to appear.
How do plants get their energy?
They use light energy from the Sun to perform photosynthesis and produce glucose.
The difference between an observation and an inference
What is an observation is based on the senses; an inference is on a conclusion drawn from observations
Part of the cell controls what enters and leaves
What is The cell membrane
What does an enzyme do?
Speeds up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy.
How does the carbon cycle help sustain life on Earth?
What is It cycles carbon between the atmosphere, plants, animals, and decomposers, allowing organisms to produce energy and grow.
What is a Punnett square, and how is it used
What is A diagram used to predict genetic trait inheritance from parent alleles.
How do cellular respiration and photosynthesis depend on each other?
The products of photosynthesis (glucose & oxygen) are used in cellular respiration, and the products of cellular respiration (carbon dioxide & water) are used in photosynthesis.
Homeostasis is the maintenance of stable internal conditions
The difference between passive and active transport
What is passive transport moves molecules without energy (diffusion, osmosis); active transport requires energy (ATP) to move molecules against a gradient.
How temperature and pH affect enzyme activity
Enzymes work best at optimal temperature and pH; extreme changes can denature (destroy) them.
What happens if a keystone species is removed from an ecosystem?
The ecosystem becomes unbalanced, possibly leading to overpopulation of some species and extinction of others.
The difference between mitosis and meiosis
Mitosis = two identical cells for growth/repair; Meiosis = four unique gametes (sperm/egg) for reproduction.
What are the two types of fermentation?
Lactic acid fermentation (occurs in muscles, produces lactic acid) and alcoholic fermentation (occurs in yeast, produces ethanol and CO₂)
An independent vs dependent variable in an experiment
What is the independent variable is what the scientist changes; the dependent is what scientist measures
The three types of passive transport, and how they work
The monomer of proteins, and why it is important?
What is Amino acids; they build proteins for muscle, enzymes, and cellular functions.
The difference between primary and secondary succession
Primary succession occurs in areas with no prior life (bare rock); secondary succession happens after a disturbance (fire, flood, human activity).
What is a mutation, and how can it affect an organism?
A mutation is a change in DNA; it can be beneficial, harmful (cancer), or neutral depending on its effect on the organism's traits.
Why do cells need ATP?
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the main energy molecule used for cellular processes such as active transport, muscle contractions, and chemical reactions.