Biology Review 1
What are some common signs of an infection
Inflammation, redness, swelling, heat, and/or pain
Antidiuretic Hormone
Nonspecific: A general protection against all foreign particles
Specific: Matching antibodies that will attack antigens of a particular foreign substance
Purpose of the Immune system
To defend against bacteria, viruses, and pathogens
Describe innate immunity
Defense systems you were born with
What are the three types of nitrogenous wastes
Ammonia, Urea, Uric Acid
Give 2 organisms that are isotonic
Marine invertebrates, hagfish, sharks
Name an organism that is hypertonic
Freshwater fish
Name 2 classes of organisms that are hypotonic
Marine vertebrates and terrestrial vertebrates
The Skin
Approximately how many microbes are there in an adult human body
1.5 Quadrillion microbial cells
How do Antibodies and Antigens interact with each other and what is the purpose of each
Antibodies attach to antigens in order to fight against the unknown substance.
Antibodies act to identify the unknown particle. Antigens trigger the immune system that a foreign substance has entered the body
What are two possible ways the immune system will get ride of foreign particles
Phagocytosis or Cell Lysis
What is the function of Antidiuretic Hormone
Hypertonic: Water enters organism
Hypotonic: Water leaves organism
What are released upon stimulus from ADH
Aquaporins - allows for increased water absorption
Name 5 innate immune defenses of the human body
Tears, nose hair, nose cilia, skin, mucus, blood proteins, stomach acidity, urinary tract, and pH changes in intestines
Which of the nitrogenous wastes is the most toxic/dangerous
Ammonia
Function of the Bowman's Capsule
What are memory cells and how do they function? What is a major development that stimulates memory cell production?
Memory cells have been exposed to the foreign substance before thus know what antibodies to produce. Vaccines rely on memory cells
Give the difference between osmoconformers and osmoregulators
Osmoconformers maintain an internal environment that is equal to their surroundings
Osmoregulators strive to keep their bodies the same despite their surroundings
How many liters of blood is filtered by the glomeruli every day
180 liters/day
What are the first cells to respond at an infected area
Phagocytes (fun fact: pus is collected dead immune cells)
Name all the parts of the human nephron
Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct
What process is used to generate an osmotic gradient in the kidney
Countercurrent exchange