Biological Molecules General
In biology, shape = _______
function
How many carbons do triose, pentose, and hexose have each?
3, 5, 6
Proteins are very diverse. Give three of their functions.
DNA - mRNA - protein
Lipids are ____ true ____
not, polymers
________; a large molecule composed of thousands of ________ bonded atoms.
Macromolecule, covalently
Differentiate between an aldose and a ketose, draw examples.
Aldose: Carbonyl on end of molecule
Ketose: Carbonyl in middle of molecule
Why does sickle cell disease occur?
A mutation causing Glutamic acid to be converted to Valine vin the genetic code which causes the sickle shape in red blood cells.
What makes up a nucleotide? What are the options for the groups?
Pentose sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group.
Pentose sugar - ribose or deoxyribose
Nitrogenous base - A, T, C, G, or U
What components make up a triacylglycerol and what is its function?
1 Glycerol + 3 fatty acids
Energy storage
What is a polymer? How are they synthesized and broken down?
Polymers are long molecules made of many similar or identical building blocks (monomers). They are synthesized through dehydration reactions and broken down by hydrolysis reactions.
Give two examples each of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
Mono: glucose, fructose, ribose
Di: Maltose, sucrose, lactose
Poly: Starch, glycogen, cellulose
Reference slides
What components are specific to DNA? what about RNA?
DNA - deoxyribose, thymine
RNA - ribose, uracil
Which fat has a bend in the fatty acid tail of its triacylglyceride? Draw what the fatty acid tail would look like (skeletal model bonds)
Unsaturated fats, reference slides for drawing
What are the types of linkages for carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids?
Carbohydrates: Glycosidic
Lipids: Esther
Proteins: Peptide (covalent)
Nucleic Acids: Phosphodiester
What are the two main functions of carbohydrates?
Storage and structural support
State the levels of protein structure and give examples of each. All examples can be general except for secondary structures.
Primary - sequence of amino acids
Secondary - hydrogen bonds between polypeptide backbones (alpha helix or beta fold)Tertiary: Interactions between side chains - polypeptides
Quaternary: Aggregation of two or more polypeptides
In which way are nucleic acids synthesized?
5’ - 3’
What are the components of a phospholipid? What common structures do they make in water. What makes phospholipids unique?
Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group
Phospholipid bilayer, Miscelles
They are both hydrophilic and hydrophobic
Reference slides for answer
Draw an alpha and beta glucose and give examples of polysaccharides for each.
Alpha: Starch
Beta: Cellulose
What are the three types of amino acids and give an example of each? Which is hydrophobic?
Nonpolar, polar, and charged. Nonpolar are hydrophobic (think nonpolar molecules are like lipids, butter and water do not mix, phobic = water hating.
Reference slides for examples
Differentiate between pyrimidines and purines
Py- cytosine, thymine, uracil
Pure- Adenine and Guanine
What are the components of steroids? What makes them unique from other lipids? Give an example
4 fused rings + hydrocarbon tail
they have carbon rings
Testosterone, estradiol