Causes & Modes of Transmission Between Infectious & Non-Infectious Diseases
How are non-infectious diseases transmitted?
Non-infectious diseases are generally not transmittable from one person to another. They are not contagious.
Diseases can be classified into _________ and ___-_________ diseases.
infectious; non-infectious
What are the 3 components of health? List and explain all 3.
Physical Health: Refers to the proper anatomical and physiological functioning of the whole body.
Mental Health: It is a state of well-being in which a person is able to cope with the normal stresses of life.
Social Health: It is related to environmental conditions and access to food, health or educational resources.
What is the function of the plasma membrane in cells?
The plasma membrane is a thin layer made of proteins and lipids that forms a barrier between the cell and the external environment. It controls what enters and leaves the cell.
What is the function of the nucleus in cells?
The nucleus is the control center of the cell because it contains the DNA. It protects the DNA with a double membrane that separates it from the cytoplasm (nuclear membrane).
What are non-infectious diseases caused by? Give at least 1 specific cause.
Infectious diseases are caused by factors other than pathogens, such as genetics, lifestyle choices, environmental factors, or a combination of these.
Depending on their duration, diseases can be classified as _____ or _______.
acute; chronic
What are the three vital functions of cells in organisms?
Nutrition: Cell nutrition involves four processes where cells exchange matter and energy: digestion, circulation, respiration and excretion of waste.
Interaction: Cellular interaction is the ability of cells to relate to other cells and the environment that surrounds them.
Reproduction: Cellular reproduction is the process by which cells duplicate their contents and divide into two new cells.
What is the function of the mitochondria in cells?
The mitochondria is an oval structure with a double membrane that performs cellular respiration, providing energy to the cell.
What is the function of the lysosome in cells?
The lysosome carries out the digestion of different components.
What are infectious diseases caused by? Give at least 1 specific cause.
Infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or prions.
What is the difference between an acute disease and a chronic disease?
Acute disease: An acute disease is one that appears suddenly and lasts for a short amount of time. Acute diseases have a well-defined beginning and end, like the flu. Although short, they can be severe.
Chronic disease: A chronic disease is one that develops gradually and lasts a long time. Chronic diseases are persistent and impact the quality of life. Some can be controlled, but not cured. Some become progressively worse, like Parkinson’s disease.
How is the human body organized? List the different levels in order of complexity (least complex to most complex) and give a brief explanation of what they are.
1. Cells: The cell is the basic unit that makes organisms. In animals the cells are eukaryotic (have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles).
2. Tissues: Tissues are a group of connected cells that perform a specialized function.
3. Organs: Organs are made up of several different types of tissues and have specific functions.
4. Organ systems: Organ systems are composed of a set of organs which work together to perform complex functions.
What is the function of ribosomes in cells?
Ribosomes are small non-membranous structures found free in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Ribosomes synthesize proteins.
What is the function of the vacuole in cells?
Vacuoles are membranous vesicles that contain substances dissolved in water. Vacuoles can be used to store excess or waste products.
How are infectious diseases transmitted?
Infectious diseases are typically transmissible from person to person or from animals to humans through various modes of transmission, including direct contact (ex. touching an infected person), respiratory droplets (ex. coughing or sneezing), vector-borne transmission (ex. through the bite of a mosquito), or through contaminated food and water.
What are some examples of infectious and non-infectious diseases? List at least 3 examples of each.
Infectious diseases: Influenza, chickenpox or herpes
Non-infectious diseases: Mental or behavioral disorders; Degenerative; Different systems and apparatus; Autoimmune; Trauma, poisoning or other consequences of external causes; Endocrine, nutritional or metabolic; Neoplasms or tumors; Genetic
What are the four routes of entry of infectious agents into the body?
Digestive tract: Entry of infectious agents through the digestive tract occurs through contaminated food or water.
Genitals: Entry of infectious agents through genitals if sexual practices are not carried out with adequate protective measures.
Respiratory tract: Entry of infectious agents through the respiratory tract occurs through the mouth and nose.
Skin: Entry of infectious agents through the skin occurs through wounds.
What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in cells?
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranous sacs that manufacture lipids. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum doesn’t have ribosomes on its surface.
What is the function of the centrosome in cells?
The centrosome is composed of two centrioles (non-membranous cylinders formed by tubules). The centrosome directs the movements of the cytoskeleton.
What are zoonoses? Explain what they are and how they can be transmitted.
Zoonoses are infectious diseases that can be transmitted from animals (ex. insects, rodents, arthropods) to humans. Zoonoses can be caused by various pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi, and can spread through direct contact (ex. bites or stings), contaminated food, or water.
Define and give an example of each of the following: endemic diseases, epidemics, and pandemics.
An endemic disease is one that is consistently present or occurs regularly in a specific population or certain area. An endemic disease can become an epidemic if the number of cases increases. An example of an endemic disease is malaria in parts of southern Africa.
An epidemic is the appearance of a disease in a large number of people, in a particular region and in a relatively short time. The Ebola outbreak in West Africa in 2014 is an example of an epidemic.
A pandemic is a disease that appears in a large number of people simultaneously, usually covering a very large area. It can be global. An example of a pandemic is the coronavirus (COVID-19) that started in 2019 and spread rapidly around the world.
What are the four steps of evolution of infectious diseases? List all four in the order in which they occur and explain what happens at each step.
1. Infection: The pathogen invades the body of a healthy person.
2. Incubation: The pathogen reproduces until symptoms appear.
3. Disease: This is the stage at which the characteristic signs of the disease appear.
4. Convalescence: This is the stage at which symptoms disappear and the person recovers.
What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in cells?
The rough endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranous sacs that manufacture proteins. The rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes on its surface.
What is the function of the golgi apparatus in cells?
The golgi apparatus is a set of membranous sacs which package substances made by the endoplasmic reticulum into the vesicles.