Membranes
What is the definition of passive transport?
The passage of molecules through semipermeable membrane following the concentration gradient; does not require energy
What is the definition of metabolism?
Catabolism + anabolism, summary of all chemical reactions within a system
What are the inputs and outputs?
Glucose + oxygen > carbon dioxide + water + energy
What are the inputs and outputs?
Light energy + water + carbon dioxide > glucose + oxygen
1. Reception 2. Transduction 3. Response
Name and describe 2 types of membrane proteins
Integral: Imbedded within membrane
> Transmembrane: Spans across membrane
Peripheral: Bound to surface of membrane
All amphipathic
What is the function on enzymes?
Catalyze and speed up reactions, lower activation energy
What are the three stages of cellular respiration?
1. Glycolysis
2. Citric acid cycle
3. Oxidative phosphorylation
Where do the initial electrons come from?
Water
What is signal transduction?
Multiple step pathway used to amplify signal and coordination
What kinds of molecules pass through a cell membrane most easily?
Small, uncharged, nonpolar molecules
What is entropy?
Measure of randomness or disorder in a system
In what process is most ATP produced?
Oxidative phosphorylation; chemiosmosis
What is the source of the proton motive force?
Electron transport chain
What kind of molecules can use intracellular receptors?
Ex. steroids
Name 2 factors that may increase the fluidity of a membrane
1. Warm temperature
2. More saturated tails
3. Presence of cholesterol
What is the difference between exergonic and endergonic reactions?
Exergonic: release heat
Endergonic: require heat
What is the terminal electron acceptor?
Molecular oxygen
Describe cyclic and noncyclic electron flow
Cyclic: generation of ATP through continuous flow of electrons through PSI and e- transport chain
Noncyclic: linear process producing ATP + NADPH, e- begin at PSII until transferred to NADPH
Name and describe a type of membrane receptor
1. G-protein-couple receptors
2. Receptor tyrosine kinases
3. Ligand-gated ion channel
Name and describe the different types of tonicity
Hypertonic: High solute, cell shrinks
Hypotonic: Low solute, cell swells
Isotonic: Same solute, cells stays the same
Why is ATP an energy currency? How is this energy harnessed?
High release of free energy through the hydrolysis (breaking) of the terminal phosphate bond
In what stage is pyruvate formed?
Glycolysis
What are the 3 stages of the Calvin cycle
1. Carbon fixation
2. Reduction
3. Regeneration of RuBP
Kinases; phosphatases