Infectious Diseases
Define Virulence
In biology, virulence is defined as the degree to which a pathogenic organism can cause disease.
Or
The ability of a pathogen to overcome a hosts immune system
Define a vaccination.
The medical treatment that involves introducing a weakened or inactivated pathogen to stimulate an immune response and provide immunity.
Define homeostasis as it applies to human biology
The term for the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment.
State an example of passive transport
diffusion or osmosis.
Define the term 'catalyst'
Speed up chemical reactions in cells
Aren’t used up in the process
Can be re-used again and again, so can exist in relatively low concentrations
State the difference between the term 'compare' and 'contrast'
To compare something is to identify the similarities.
To contrast something is to identify the differences.
What are pathogens?
The term for disease-causing microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
What are B cells (B lymphocytes)?
The specific type of white blood cell that produces antibodies.
B lymphocytes form memory cells.
What is the name of the process by which the body regulates temperature?
Thermoregulation
During photosynthesis plants convert two substances into energy and oxygen using light energy. Name those two substances
Water and CO2
What is the function of the active site of an enzyme?
location where substrates bind to the enzyme and the reaction occurs resulting in the formation of a product.
Explain the term 'Justify'
Give reasons or evidence to support an answer, response or conclusion; show or prove how an argument, statement or conclusion is right or reasonable
What is phagocytosis?
The process by which white blood cells engulf and destroy pathogens.
What is the primary immune response?
The immune response that occurs upon the first exposure to a pathogen, resulting in the production of antibodies.
Name the hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels
Insulin
During glycolysis one glucose is broken down into two ____.
pyruvate
Name two factors that can negatively impact the function of an enzyme
Inhibitors
Temperature
pH
Describe the term 'identify'
recognise and state a distinguishing factor or feature
What is acquired immunity? Give an example
The type of immunity that is acquired through exposure to a pathogen or through vaccination.
Name the three levels of immune response.
Barrier, innate and adaptive immune systems
Describe the two primary functions of the kidneys in maintaining homeostasis.
The kidneys regulate water and electrolyte balance and remove waste products?
Describe the primary properties of a phospholipid bilayer
2 layers of phospholipids with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
Define Activation energy
The energy required for a reaction to take place.
Describe the term 'infer'
Derive or conclude something from evidence and reasoning, rather than from explicit statements
What is herd immunity?
The term for the development of immunity in a population through vaccination or previous infections.
Explain why the immune response to a pathogen is more 'violent/immediate' upon subsequent infections.
Upon secondary exposure, memory B-lymphocytes already exist, and can immediately trigger production of antibodies upon exposure to a familiar antigen
Define negative feedback
The feedback mechanism that reverses a change in the body and brings it back to the set point.
Contrast Heterotrophic and Autotrophic cells
Heterotrophic cells gain energy from the food they consume while autotrophic cells generate their own energy from within.
Define the term 'Denature'
When external factors such as heat or pH cause an enzyme to lose its shape.
Define the term 'deduce'
Reach a conclusion that is necessarily true, provided a given set of assumptions is true; arrive at, reach or draw a logical conclusion from reasoning and the information given