Biology Random
What does is a polymer?
Polymer is a large set of molecules that are bonded together with similar units, such as mRNA.
What does DNA stand for? What does RNA stand for?
DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid. RNA stands for Ribonucleic acid.
Name all the types of RNA.
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA. Messenger Ribonucleic acid, Transfer Ribonucleic acid, Ribosomal Ribonucleic acid.
What nitrogen base matches the other complementary nitrogen base?
DNA: A to U, G to C
RNA: A to T, G to C
What is a monomer?
Monomer is a small molecule that is made up of atoms, such as a Nitrogen Base, Phosphate Group, or Ribose Sugar.
What is a codon?
A sequence of 3 nitrogen bases in mRNA that code for a specific amino acid.
Translate from DNA to RNA: CAC GTA GAC TGA GGA CTC
GUG CAU CUG ACU CCU GAG
What happens to the hemoglobin molecules in sickle cell anemia? How are they different within a blood cell?
When your hemoglobin isn't mutated, the hemoglobin carries oxygen and dissolves in the blood cell. When you have mutated hemoglobin, the hemoglobin molecules and clump within the red blood cells, causing them to have a "sickle" like shape.
What is the difference between DNA and RNA?
DNA is a double stranded nucleic acid and RNA is a single stranded nucleic acid. DNA contains Thymine while RNA contains Uracil instead.
What does DNA do?
It is the instructions contained in every cell within your body. It controls what cell something can become, controls what an organism can become, and it controls what an organism looks like.
Apply protein synthesis and folding concepts to real-life scenarios.
(Example given)
Explain and identify the various stages of protein folding in order.
Primary Structure (Amino Acid Sequence), Secondary structure (Alpha Helix AND Beta Sheet), Tertiary Structure (3D Structure of a Polypeptide), and Quaternary Structure (Protein that consists of more than one Amino Acid Chain).
Create a model showing how a polypeptide chain would fold due to chemical properties.
(Drawing or description)
What do hydrogen bonds do?
They are weak bonds that connect the nitrogen bases between two neighboring nucleotides. Adenine to Thymine, Cytosine to Guanine.
What do covalent bonds do?
They are strong bonds that connect the Sugars and Phosphates of a nucleotide to a neighboring nucleotide.
Which bond is strong and which bond is weak?
Covalent bonds are strong and hydrogen bonds are weak.
Describe how changes to DNA structure (mutations) may affect resulting protein structure and function.
Mutations can cause a frameshift (deletion or insertion in a DNA sequence), causing the wrong protein to be folded (or no protein to be folded at all), creating the lack of a protein and/or different protein being formed as a result of an incorrect folding process.
What happens in translation? Where does it take place?
The genetic code in mRNA is used to produce proteins in the ribosome. Those proteins are made by joining amino acids into a long chain, called a polypeptide chain.
What happens in transcription? Where does it take place?
The DNA is turned into mRNA by the enzyme RNA Polymerase. This takes place in the nucleus.
What makes up a nucleotide?
5 Sugars (Deoxyribose in DNA and Ribose in RNA), 2 Nitrogen bases and 1 Phosphate group.
What is the order/process of protein synthesis?
The DNA is processed into RNA in the nucleus during transcription, the mRNA transcribes (copies) the DNA, then leaves the nucleus and travels to the cytoplasm. The mRNA attaches to a ribosome and reads 3 bases at a time (in codons). tRNA then brings the amino acids to the ribosomes and helps make the protein. The START codon is read (AUG) and the amino acids collected begin to form into a polypeptide chain until the STOP codons is read (UAA, UAG and UGA). Then, the protein is the result.
What is the START codon?
AUG
Create a model of DNA structure.
(Drawing or description)
What are the STOP codons?
UAA, UAG and UGA
What is the purpose of RNA polymerase?
It is the enzyme that translates DNA to RNA in transcription.