Unit 1: Cells, Transport, Macromolecules
This macromolecule is the main short-term energy source made of repeating glucose units.
Carbohydrates
During transcription DNA is copied into this molecule.
mRNA
List the levels of classification from broadest to most specific (7 levels).
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Organisms that make their own food are called this.
Producers, Autotrophs
This type of transport moves molecules from low to high concentration and always requires ATP energy.
Active Transport
The defining element that all organic molecules contain
Carbon (C)
Define mutation.
any change in DNA sequence.
Give two differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Prokaryotes: no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles, always unicellular; Eukaryotes: nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, can be multicellular.
In an energy pyramid, which trophic level has the most available energy?
Producers, Autotrophs, the bottom
This molecule is the “energy currency” of the cell, produced during cellular respiration.
ATP
Name the 3 main parts of the cell that are involved in producing and exporting proteins: ___ (site of protein synthesis), ___ (transport network), and ___ (packages and ships proteins).
Ribosome; Endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER); Golgi body.
Give the mRNA sequence transcribed from the DNA template:
AAT GGG ATA AAA GTT ATG CAT CGA
UUA CCC UAU UUU CAA UAC GUA GCU
On a cladogram, two species that share the most recent common node are considered this.
Most closely related (share most recent common ancestor).
What is carrying capacity?
Maximum stable population size an environment can support
This type of inheritance results in both alleles being fully expressed, like red and white patches in a cow’s coat.
Codominance
An enzyme speeds up reactions by doing this to the activation energy.
Lowers the activation energy required for the reaction.
Identify whether the following mutation example is a substitution, insertion, or deletion: Original: ATGCATCGAATGCATCGA → Mutated: ATGCCATCGAATGCCATCGA.
Insertion
Wy does Crossing Over increase genetic diversity?
Creates new allele combinations and increases genetic variation.
What is the difference between density dependent and density independent?
Density-dependent: effects increase with population density. Density-independent: affect populations regardless of density.
This molecule unzips DNA and adds complementary nucleotides to build a new strand during replication.
DNA polymerase
On a phospholipid, which region is hydrophilic and which is hydrophobic?
Head = hydrophilic; Tail = hydrophobic
Name the two main organelles where transcription and translation occur.
Transcription: DNA → mRNA in the nucleus. Translation: mRNA → ribosome
Explain how antibiotic resistance is an example of natural selection.
The antibiotic kills susceptible bacteria; resistant ones survive and reproduce; resistance alleles increase in frequency; demonstrating natural selection.
This step in the nitrogen cycle occurs when bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen (N₂) into ammonia usable by plants.
Nitrogen Fixation
This type of structure shows evidence of evolution because it no longer has a major function.
Vestigial Structures