Cell Theory & Microscopes
Who first discovered cells and what tool did he use?
Robert Hooke – used a compound microscope to observe cork.
What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; eukaryotes have both.
What is the function of the nucleus?
Control center; stores DNA and directs cell activities.
What is the main structural component of the plasma membrane?
Phospholipid bilayer
Where are the instructions for making proteins found?
DNA in the nucleus
Name the three parts of the cell theory.
(1) All living things are made of cells. (2) Cells are the basic units of structure & function. (3) All cells come from preexisting cells.
Give one example of a prokaryotic organism.
Bacteria
Which organelle makes proteins?
Ribosomes
Which part of the phospholipid is hydrophilic?
The head (water-loving)
What organelle folds and modifies proteins made by ribosomes?
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Which microscope sends electrons through thin slices to view internal cell structures in 2D?
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
Name two features that both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells share.
DNA, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and a plasma membrane (any two).
Which organelle modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids?
Golgi Apparatus
What type of transport requires no energy and moves molecules from high → low concentration through a protein channel?
Facilitated Diffusion
Which organelle tags and ships proteins in vesicles?
Golgi Apparatus
Which microscope produces a 3D image of the surface of a specimen?
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
Describe one structure unique to prokaryotes that helps with movement.
Flagellum
What organelle converts food energy (glucose) into ATP?
Mitochondria
Which type of transport uses ATP to move molecules from low → high concentration?
Active Transport
What is the process called when the cell releases large molecules or wastes?
Exocytosis
What does the term “cells” originally refer to, and why did Hooke use it?
The tiny box-like compartments in cork that reminded him of monastery cells.
Compare the size and complexity of prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotes – small, simple, single-celled. Eukaryotes – larger, complex, often multicellular.
List three organelles found only in plant cells.
Cell wall, chloroplast, central vacuole
Explain what happens to a plant cell in a hypertonic solution.
Water leaves the cell → cell membrane pulls away from wall (plasmolysis).
Put these steps in correct order: Golgi Apparatus → Ribosome → Rough ER → Nucleus → Vesicle → Plasma Membrane.
Correct order: Nucleus → Ribosome → Rough ER → Vesicle → Golgi Apparatus → Plasma Membrane.