Atoms & Elements
These four elements make up the majority of living matter.
What are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen?
These are the substances present before a chemical reaction occurs.
What are reactants?
This is the chemical formula for water.
What is H₂O?
This element can form four covalent bonds, allowing it to build complex biological molecules.
What is carbon?
This is the monomer, or building block, of carbohydrates.
What is a monosaccharide?
These are the monomers that make up proteins.
What are amino acids?
This is the name for the attraction between a partially positive hydrogen atom and a partially negative atom in another molecule.
What is a hydrogen bond?
This subatomic particle has a positive charge and is found in the nucleus.
What is a proton?
This type of bond forms when atoms share electrons.
What is a covalent bond?
Water is considered this type of molecule because oxygen pulls shared electrons more strongly than hydrogen.
What is polar?
Compounds made primarily of carbon and hydrogen are called these.
What are hydrocarbons?
Two monosaccharides joined together form this type of carbohydrate.
What is a disaccharide?
This part of an amino acid varies and gives each amino acid its unique properties.
What is the R group (side chain)?
This molecule provides cells with a readily usable source of energy and contains adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups.
What is ATP (adenosine triphosphate)?
An atom's atomic number tells you the number of these particles.
What are protons?
This type of bond involves the attraction between oppositely charged ions.
What is an ionic bond?
This property explains why water can absorb a large amount of heat with only a small change in temperature.
What is high specific heat?
Carbon atoms can form these two common arrangements: long connected structures and circular structures.
What are chains and rings?
This type of lipid consists of one glycerol molecule bonded to three fatty acids.
What is a triglyceride?
This protein structure refers to the specific sequence of amino acids.
What is primary structure?
A molecule that interacts readily with water is described by this term.
What is hydrophilic?
An atom has 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons. Its mass number is this.
What is 12?
This type of covalent bond occurs when electrons are shared unequally.
What is a polar covalent bond?
Water molecules sticking to other water molecules demonstrate this property.
What is cohesion?
Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures are called these.
What are isomers?
What is a triglyceride?
What is an unsaturated fatty acid?
These biological molecules act as catalysts, speeding up reactions by interacting with specific substrates.
What are enzymes?
If DNA contains 30% adenine, what percentage of its bases are thymine?
What is 30%?
An atom has 11 protons, 12 neutrons, and 10 electrons. Identify its element and charge.
What are sodium and a +1 charge (Na⁺)?
Identify the bond type: two atoms share three pairs of electrons.
What is a triple covalent bond?
Ice floats because its molecules form a structure that makes solid water this compared with liquid water.
What is less dense?
This element is found directly below carbon on the periodic table and has been considered as a possible alternative foundation for life.
What is silicon?
This polysaccharide stores energy in plants, while this other polysaccharide provides structural support in plant cell walls.
What are starch and cellulose?
This type of nucleic acid contains thymine, while the other contains uracil.
What are DNA and RNA, respectively?
A student heats a protein to an extremely high temperature. The protein loses its specific three-dimensional shape, and its active site can no longer bind its substrate. Although its amino acid sequence remains intact, it can no longer perform its original function.
Identify the process that occurred, the protein structure primarily disrupted, and why the loss of shape affects its function.
What is denaturation?