Immune system
This type of immunity you are born with provides a rapid but non-specific defence against pathogens.
innate immunity
This type of pathogen can only reproduce inside a living host cell.
Virus
Washing these for 20 seconds with soap reduces pathogen spread.
hands
This process trains the immune system to recognise specific pathogens without causing disease.
vaccination
Diseases caused by pathogens are called this type of disease.
infectious disease
These white blood cells engulf and digest pathogens through phagocytosis.
macrophages
Malaria is caused by this type of eukaryotic pathogen.
Protozoan
This term describes the complete destruction of all microorganisms, including spores.
sterilisation
These drugs kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria.
antibiotics
In plants, the presence of thick waxy layers on leaves and stems is an example of this type of defence strategy.
physical barrier
This molecule on the surface of a pathogen triggers an immune response.
antigen
These are small infectious particles composed only of protein, responsible for diseases like mad cow disease.
This mode of disease transmission occurs when pathogens are spread via droplets expelled during coughing or sneezing.
direct droplet transmission
The overuse of antibiotics contributes to this major global health problem.
antibiotic resistance
This bacterial virulence factor protects against phagocytosis and helps pathogens evade the immune system.
capsule
This process produces memory cells after exposure to a pathogen or vaccine.
adaptive immune response
This stage of an infectious disease occurs before symptoms appear but after the pathogen has entered the body.
incubation period
This bacterial virulence factor allows the pathogen to bind to host cell receptors and resist being washed away by mucus or fluids.
adherence factors
This WHO program aims to eliminate a disease like polio from the world.
This type of immunity results when a person recovers from an infection and retains protection against reinfection.
Naturally acquired immunity
These non-specific lymphocytes can recognise and destroy virus-infected or cancerous cells without prior sensitisation.
Natural Killer (NK) cells
This concept refers to the proportion of a population that must be immune to prevent sustained disease transmission.
Herd immunity threshold
In an outbreak investigation, the presence of multiple peaks in an epidemic curve over time is most often associated with this mode of transmission.
propagated (person-to-person) transmission?
In a long-term immunity graph after vaccination, the rapid and high rise in antibody concentration after re-exposure to the antigen is due to this cell type.
Memory B cells
This type of bacterial toxin is released when the bacterial cell wall is broken down, as in Gram-negative bacteria.
Endotoxin