Topic 1.1-1.3
What four characteristics separate living things from non-living things?
Made of cells, Take in nutrients, Use energy, Produce waste
Name one reason as to why microbes are important to the environment.
Bacteria are decomposers
Bacteria make nitrogen available to plants
Phytoplankton are the main producers in oceans and lakes
What are the three lines of defense that the human immune system uses to protect the body from pathogens?
Physical Barriers: Skin, mucous membranes, tears, saliva.
Inflammatory Response: White blood cells (like phagocytes) attacking invaders.
Immune Response: Specialized white blood cells called:
B cells - producing antibodies
T cells - attacking infected cells directly.
Where often do traditional First Peoples medicines and treatments come from?
Natural resources such as plants, trees, and minerals found in the environment
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What are the three statements of the Cell Theory
All living things are made up of one or more cells.
All new cells come from pre-existing cells.
The cell is the basic unit of life.
Name one type of negative interactions with microbes
microbes that make people sick
E. coli, Listeria, and Botulism cause food poisoning
Mold causes food spoilage and wood rot
Red-tide microbes produce toxins that make shellfish poisonous
What is the difference between Epidemic, Outbreak, and Pandemic?
an outbreak is a sudden rise in cases in one area, an epidemic spreads more widely within a region or country, and a pandemic spreads across countries or continents
What is a vaccine?
A substance that causes a response in the body that protects it against a specific disease caused by pathogens
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Name the two main types of cells and what makes them different
Prokaryotic cell: a cell without a nucleus
Eukaryotic cell: a cell with a nucleus
Name one type of positive interactions with microbes
Bacteria in intestine help digest food and prevent infection
Bacteria are used to make foods (cheese, yogurt, pickles, soy sauce)
Bacteria are used to make antibiotics and insulin
What is inflammation, and how does it help the body fight infection?
It is the body's response to injury or infection, causing redness, swelling, and heat to help white blood cells reach the affected area and destroy pathogens
Name two types of Vaccines and how they function
Live, attenuated vaccines, which use a weakened form of the actual virus or bacteria to trigger a strong immune response.
Inactivated vaccines, which use a killed version of the germ that cannot cause disease but still builds immunity.
Subunit vaccines, which use only parts of the pathogen like proteins,
Toxoid vaccines, which use inactivated toxins to build immunity against the harmful effects of bacterial toxins
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Write out the chemical formula for photosynthesis
&
Write out the chemical formula for cellular respiration
Photosynthesis: Carbon dioxide + water + light energy 🡪 sugar + oxygen
Cellular Respiration: sugar + oxygen 🡪 carbon dioxide + water + energy
Which microorganism was traditionally used by the Coast Salish and Haida Nations for fermentation in foods like berries and fish roe?
Wild Yeast
These two outbreaks in Europe occurred over hundreds of years and over time, populations of people in Europe built up immunity to these diseases. Europeans brought pathogens that caused these diseases to North and South America
Measles and smallpox
What is an antibiotic, and what does it do?
A substance that fights infections by killing bacteria or preventing them from growing or reproducing? *Antibiotics are not effective against viruses
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Why are viruses not considered alive?
Cannot take in nutrients, use energy, produce waste, or reproduce on their own
Need to be inside a cell of another organism (host) to reproduce
Name three Microorganisms that your classmates presented during the Microorganisms Presentation assignment
Rhizobium: Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in legume roots
Phytoplankton: Oxygen producers & aquatic ecosystem base
Lactobacillus: Used in food fermentation; supports gut health
Bacillus subtilis: Soil decomposer; recycles nutrients
Methanogens: Produce methane in wetlands & animal guts
Pseudomonas putida: Breaks down toxic waste (bioremediation)
Cyanobacteria: Photosynthetic & nitrogen-fixing algae
E. coli (non-pathogenic): Found in human gut; used in science & biotech
Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Yeast used in baking, brewing, and research
Nitrosomonas: Converts ammonia to nitrite in the nitrogen cycle
How does your immune system fight off a virus once it enters your body?
By using white blood cells like B cells to make antibodies that target the virus, and T cells to destroy infected cells?
How do "superbug" bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics form?
When bacteria are exposed to antibiotics repeatedly or improperly, only the strongest, resistant ones survive and multiply, creating a strain that antibiotics can no longer kill
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