Biomolecules Under Pressure
Which biomolecule is made of monosaccharides?
CARBOHYDRATES
Which organelle produces the most ATP?
Mitochondria
What is the function of the myelin sheath?
It insulates neurons and speeds up nerve impulse transmission
Which structure prevents blood backflow?
Valves
Define homeostasis.
Maintenance of stable internal conditions
Name the monomer of proteins and one example polymer.
AMINO ACIDS / INSULIN
Which molecule is required for efficient ATP production?
Oxygen
Name one neurotransmitter involved in rapid responses.
Adrenaline (epinephrine)
What is the main function of alveoli?
Gas exchange
Which system communicates using hormones?
Endocrine system
Why do lipids cause little increase in blood glucose levels?
They are not broken down into glucose and are used mainly for long-term energy
Explain the relationship between oxygen, mitochondria, and ATP.
Oxygen allows mitochondria to carry out cellular respiration and produce ATP efficiently
How do neurotransmitters allow fast communication?
They transmit signals across synapses between neurons
Give two features that make alveoli efficient.
Large surface area; thin walls; rich blood supply (any two)
What does insulin do when glucose is high?
Causes cells to take in glucose
Compare simple vs complex carbohydrates using digestion speed.
Simple carbohydrates digest quickly, causing a rapid glucose increase; complex carbohydrates digest slowly, causing a gradual increase
What happens to ATP production when oxygen is low?
ATP production decreases and becomes less efficient
Name two effects of adrenaline on the body.
Increased heart rate; increased breathing rate (also acceptable: pupil dilation, glucose release)
What is pulmonary circulation?
Movement of blood between the heart and lungs to exchange gases
How does sweating help homeostasis?
Evaporation cools the body and lowers temperature
Which biomolecule is best for long-term energy storage, and why?
Lipids, because they store more energy per gram and are used over long periods
Why does muscle fatigue occur when ATP decreases?
Muscles lack sufficient energy for contraction
How does myelin damage affect response time?
Responses become slower and less coordinated
How does emphysema affect oxygen delivery?
Reduced surface area decreases oxygen diffusion into the blood
How do the nervous and endocrine systems work together in emergencies?
Nervous system acts quickly; endocrine system provides longer-lasting effects