Shoulder
An overhead athlete reports diffuse shoulder pain when the arm is elevated, especially between 60–120°.
Impingement syndrome
During arm elevation, the humerus and scapula move together in a 2:1 ratio.
Scapulohumeral rhythm
What is considered a motion segment/functional unit
Two vertebrae + disc + ligaments = functional unit.
Foot motion: eversion + abduction + dorsiflexion.
Pronation
Normal valgus angle at elbow (~10–15°).
Carrying angle
uring arm elevation, the first ~30° is primarily coming from which joint?
Glenohumeral joint
During arm elevation, a patient shows medial border prominence of the scapula.
Scapular winging
Spine tolerates this better: compression or shear?
Compression
Foot pronation leads to tibial IR and this knee position.
Knee valgus
Medial elbow structure stressed during throwing.
UCL
Overhead athlete has decreased IR, increased ER, but total motion is the same.
Adaptive change
A patient demonstrates early shoulder shrug during elevation.
Scapular dyskinesis
A patient performs repeated lumbar extension and develops stress at the pars interarticularis.
Spondylolysis
Weak glute med causes pelvic drop on opposite side
Trendelenburg sign
% of wrist load through radius
80%
Deltoid pulls superiorly, supraspinatus compresses humeral head.
Shoulder force couple
A patient has tight anterior shoulder structures pulling the scapula into anterior tilt. Which muscle is likely tight?
Pectoralis minor
Injury risk highest with this combination of movement
Flexion + Rotation
A patient has lateral patellar tracking due to imbalance between medial and lateral forces. Which muscle is likely weak?
VMO
A patient presents with increased load on the ulna due to altered wrist mechanics. What structure is likely to be stressed?
Overhead athlete has IR loss >20° and decreased total ROM
Pathologic GIRD
A thrower experiences pain during late cocking due to anterior shear and peel-back forces on the labrum.
SLAP Tear
Core activation increases what and reduces spinal load
intra-abdominal pressure
Excessive pronation leads to altered patellar tracking and anterior knee pain.
Patellofemoral pain syndrome
During gripping tasks, a patient demonstrates improved strength when the wrist is slightly extended due to optimal muscle length. What is this called?
length-tension relationship