SIX
What's the saying "what fires together, wires together" referring to? Describe what this means
Hebb's rule! This means that the weaker synapse will be strengthened/reinforced when it fires with the stronger synapse; this goes with any neuronal firing
Describe Broca's Aphasia
Broca's aphasia has to do with speech production and impairment in Broca's area which is in the frontal lobe
The 3 deficits are in: agrammatism, anomia, and articulation
they are AWARE of their deficits
also know: Apraxia of speech = impaired ability to produce speech
Describe tardive dyskinesia
Movement disorder; unctrolled movements of face, neck and sometimes tongue; happens from prolonged treatment with antipsychotic medications that block dopamine receptors
Describe Tumors
A tumor is a cluster of cells that serve no useful function
There are benign and malignant tumors
benign tumors - non-cancerous;have boarders and can't metastasize
malignant tumors - cancerous; no borders and can metastasize
glioma- cancerous brain tumor composed of one of several types of glial cells, includes astrocytoma, ependymoma, medulloblastoma, oligodendrocytoma
meningioma - benign brain tumor composed of cells that constitute meninges
Describe some assessments for language
BNT, BDAE, Verbal flueny (semantic and categorical), WRAT-4 reading
Describe instrumental learning (operant conditioning)
A learning procedure whereby effects of a particular bx in a particular situation increase (reinforce) or decrease (punish) probability of a bx
Describe Wernicke's Aphasia
Wernickes aphasia is a deficit in speech comprehension due to impairment in Wernickes area in the temporal lobe
impairment in comprehension is due to three deficits: problems with spoken word recognition, comprehension of word meaning, and ability to convert thoughts into words
They are UNAWRE of their deficits
*fluent but nonsensical
Describe general brain differences associated with the experience of schizophrenia symptoms
enlarged ventricles indicate atrophy in the brain; less gray matter overall; twice as much pruning during adolescenc
*more pruning leads to less gray matter which in turn leads to enlarged ventricles "filling uo the space"
Describe two types of strokes and what are two subtypes of one of them
Hemmorhagic strokes - CVA caused by ruptured blood vesssels
Ischemic strokes - CVA caused by occlusion of blood vessels
The two types of ischemic strokes are:
Thrombus - blood clot that forms w/in blood vessel, which may occlude it
Embolus - piece of matter dislodging from site of origin and occluding an artery
Describe assessments of executive functioning
WCST, COWAT, TOWER test, DSB, trail making test, DKEFS
Describe LTP
long-term increase in excitability of neuron to particular synaptic input caused by repeated high-frequency activity
What is the arcuate fasciculus?
A bundle of axons that connect the Wernicke's area to the Broca's area
Describe Partial Agonist
A drug with very high affinity for a particular receptor BUT actives that receptor less than normal ligand does; serves as agonist in regions of low concentration of normal lifand and as antagonist in regions of high concentration
*antagonist if more NT and agonist if less NT*
- acts like a NT but not exactly
Describe the anatomical structures involved in anterograde amnesia
perirhinal cortex and parahippocampal cortex are regions of the limbic cortex adjacent to hippocampal formation that relay information between entorhinal cortex and other regions of the brain
*most important input to hippocampal formation is entorhinal cortex, which receives its input from amygdala, limbic cortex, and association cortex (either directly or indirectly from the perirhinal cortex and parahippocampal cortex)
Describe communication abilities associated with the left hemisphere. Describe communicate feature that is associated with the right hemisphere
right hemisphere - more melodic components of speech - prosody
helpful: Wernicke's and Broca's area are 95% of the time on the left hemisphere
Describe Alzheimers disease (defintion, risk fx, potective fx, etc.)
What's another dementia disorder?
A neurodegenerative disorder with an unknown origin; progressive memort + cog deficits, eventual death
risk fxs - obesity, high cholesterol, hypertension, TBI, diabetes
protective fxs - good health, active cog abilities (nun study)
Frontotemporal lobe dementia (AKA Pick's disease)
Describe a communication deficit common in Alzheimer's disease? Why do you see this deficit?
Anomic aphasia is common in alzheimers disease. You see this deficit since nouns are stored in the temporal lobe and alxheimers disease is a degeneration in the medial temporal lobe (so there's trouble naming things like nouns)
*circumlocution is a method of trying to deal with this deficit
Describe a hypothesis for positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia
dopamine hypothesis
dopamine antagonists -> eliminate some of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia
dopamine agonists -> (pharmaceutical drugs, etc.) these produce some schizophrenia-like symptoms
Name some assessments for learning and memory
Rey complex figure, CVLT-1, WAS-IV logical memory, brief visuospatial memory test-revised
Describe the hippocampal formation
hippocampal formation is comprised of the hippocampus, dentate gyrus, CA4-CA1, and subiculum
Describe Adult Neurogenesis
stem cells in subgranual zone of hippocampus divide, give rise to granule cells, which migrate into dentate gyrus; only happens in two parts of the brain; leads to new neurons; in dentate gyrus the new neurons participate in learning
Name as many Aphasias as you can!
Brocas Aphasia, Wernickes Aphasia, Transcortical sensory aphasia, Conduction aphasia, Pure Word Deafness (these are all the ones my tutor had on the slide but there are a few more!)
Describe possible treatments for Major Affective Disorders
tricylic antidepressensats, SSRIs, SNRI, electroconvulsive therapy (almost immediate effects, decreases brain activity and raises seizure threshold of brain - mechanism for alleviating depression is unclear - high relapse, REALLY EFFECTIVE, can see effects even in nearly cationic individuals), transcranial magnetic stimulation (about same effectiveness as medication), deep brain stimulation (of subgenual anterior cingulate cortex [medial PFC], nucleus accumbus; less relapse), lithium (mania symptoms of BD)
Describe the dendritic spike that occurs in associative LTP
*the washback IS the dendritic spike
*this supports LTP because you're creating new connections where there weren't some before
What is the role of NMDA receptors in LTP?
Ampa receptors
- ligand dependent so don’t need the voltage to open up; take in a lot of glutamate and depolarizes cells; eventually they’ll depolarize a lot and NMDA will pop the magnesium out ->>> this whole process causes more ampa receptors to be in the cell membrane which are more and more sensitive to glutamate
NMDA - Voltage AND Ion dependent