Chapter 22 - Phylogenetic Trees and Fossils
what type of traits do monophyletic groups posses?
synapomorphies/homologous traits
what are the two types of altruism (cooperative behavior)?
reciprocal altruism, kin selection
what are the three types of population distribution?
random, clumped/clustered, uniform
in an energy flow diagram, which way do the arrows point?
upward
what is the anthropocene?
human impact on the environment
what type of group is this?
(see picture 1)
paraphyletic group
what are fixed action patterns?
a sequence of stereotyped behaviors that once triggered, are followed through completion
what is the difference between intraspecific competition and interspecific competition?
intraspecific competition: same species competing for resources
interspecific competition: different species competing for resources
what is the main difference between primary and secondary succession?
primary: species replacing each other in an area with no soil
secondary: process of species replacing each other in an area, after a disturbance event with soil still present or after primary succession
why is the build-up of greenhouse gases (like CO2) so bad?
increases amount of energy radiated back to earth, increases global temperatures
name two types of important information fossils provide
approximate age, timeline of evolution, record of extinct groups, evidence of transitional traits, record of past environmental events
name a type of biological clock and an example of it
circadian clock: daily rhythms, ex. feeding, sleeping, hormone production, body core temperature
lunar clock: monthly rhythms, ex. behaviors associated with tides, menstruation
annual clock: yearly/seasonal rhythms, ex. leaves changing color
what is a metapopulation?
large population made up of smaller populations that are linked by migration
what is the difference between a species' fundamental and realized niche?
fundamental niche is what they could use with no limiting factors, realized niche is the actual space/resources they use with limiting factors
what are the two forces causing increased temperatures? name an example of each
natural forces: solar radiation, volcanic activity
human forces: burning fossil fuels, clearing forests, methane and nitrous oxide emissions from agriculture
trait evolved in the common ancestral population, then underwent modifications, monophyletic groups
name 2 of the 4 causes of behavior questions
development: how does the behavior develop?
adaptive function: how does the behavior promote the individual's ability to survive and reproduce?
evolutionary history: how did the behavior evolve over time?
what are the two reproductive strategies? briefly explain them
r-strategy: produce many offspring and provide low investment
k-strategy: produce fewer offspring and provide high investment
what are the two types of competition? briefly explain them
competitive exclusion: one species wins and the other loses and becomes locally extinct
resource partitioning: each species uses different resources when they occur in the same area
what are three of the current leading causes of extinction?
1. habitat destruction
2. introduction of exotic/invasive species
3. pollution
4. overharvest
5. disease
what is convergent evolution, and what group is it most prevalent in?
similar selection pressures develop similar looking characteristics, polyphyletic groups
what are the two types of non-associative learning? briefly explain them
sensitization: enhancement of a response to a stimulus by a previous strong or novel stimulus first
briefly explain each of the survivorship curves
type I: low mortality rate of younger individuals, mortality rates sharply increases in older age classes
type II: nearly constant mortality rate at each age class
type III: high mortality rate for younger individuals, mortality rate sharply decreases in older age classes
what are the three types of broad-sense predation? briefly explain them
narrow-sense predation: prey is eaten and usually killed
herbivory: prey are plants, some part of the plant is consumed by the herbivore
parasitism: host is harmed, but not usually killed
2. regulation of the carbon cycle
3. stabilize soil and provide flood control
4. recycle nutrients in the soil (nutrients cycle)
5.resilience to environmental disruption
6. source of food and drugs