Study Designs
In this study design, participants are randomly assigned to either the treatment or control group to test an intervention’s effect.
What is a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)
This term refers to the number of new cases of a disease occurring in a population over a specified period.
What is incidence?
This refers to how well a study’s results can be generalized to other settings, populations, or times.
What is External Validity?
This value of the odds ratio indicates no association between the exposure and outcome.
What is 1?
This is the type of misclassification that would occur if cases and controls are equally likely to have their exposure status misclassified.
What is Non-differential Misclassification?
This type of epidemiological study compares group-level data rather than individual-level data to examine the relationship between exposures and outcomes.
What is an Ecological Study?
This type of measure of association compares the risk or odds of an outcome between two groups using a ratio.
What is a Relative Measure of association?
When conducting a test for association, this occurs when an association is found to be "statistically significant" even though the association does not actually exist.
What is a Type 1 Error?
When doing a stratified analysis, if we detect confounding, we should report the results using this type of measure.
What is an Adjusted Measure of Association?
This type of bias occurs when there is a systematic difference in the characteristics between those who are included in a study and those who are not, potentially distorting the study’s results.
What is Selection Bias?
This study design observes a group of individuals over time to examine the relationship between exposures and outcomes?
What is a Cohort Study?
This measure of association is used for studies, like case-control and cross-sectional studies, that do not follow subjects over time.
What is the Odds Ratio?
This term is used to refer to systematic error.
What is Bias?
This occurs when the strata-specific measures of association differ substantially from each other.
This is what we call diseases that need to be reported to the Centers for Disease Control.
What are Notifiable Diseases?
This type of study is often used to identify risk factors for rare diseases by comparing individuals with the disease to those without.
What is a Case-Control Study?
This value for the risk ratio would indicate the same strength of association as a risk ratio of 0.2.
What is 5?
A study finds that participants who eat more vegetables are less likely to develop heart disease. However, participants who eat more vegetables also tend to exercise more. In this situation, what term would be used to describe the amount of exercise each person gets.
What is a Confounding Variable?
The use of this terminology has been criticized, largely because it is a concept that is often poorly understood and misinterpreted by researchers.
What is Statistically Significant?
This term refers to the likelihood that a study will be able to detect a statistically significant association if such an association exists.
What is Power?
This study design is particularly useful for generating hypotheses but cannot establish a temporal relationship between exposures and outcomes.
What is a Cross-sectional Study?
This measure of disease frequency is most helpful for studies with long follow-up periods in which not all participants are at risk for the same period of time.
What is the Incidence Rate?
Confidence intervals and hypothesis tests account for only this type of error.
What is Random Error?
If the risk ratio is 3.0, the risk in the exposed group is this many times HIGHER than the risk in the unexposed group.
What is 2?
When using a 95% confidence interval for the risk difference to informally test for association, the results are NOT statistically significant if this number is contained in the confidence interval.
What is zero?