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PPP-ish
Gluconeogenesis-ish
Glycogen-ish
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100
What are the 3 main functions of the PPP?
1. Produce reducing power (NADPH) 2. Make nucleotides 3. Combat oxidative damage
100
Where does the ATP used in gluconeogenesis come from?
beta oxidation
100
Does insulin inhibit or stimulate glycogen synthesis?
stimulate glycogen synthesis
100
Which type of diabetes is an autoimmune disease?
Type I
100
This enzyme is targeted by statins
HMG-CoA reductase
200
What is the rate limiting step in the non-oxidative phase of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway?
G6PDH
200
What metabolites are made in the non-oxidative phase of the PPP that can enter glycolysis?
F6P and G3P
200
What enzyme catalyzes the conversion of glycogen phosphorylase a (active) to glycogen phosphorylase b (less active)?
phosphorylase a phosphotase
200
What does F26BP do?
Inhibits gluconeogenesis (stimulate glycolysis)
200
What type of receptor is EGFR?
tyrosine kinase receptor
300
What enzyme converts hydrogen peroxide into water?
glutathione peroxidase
300
What is the function of F26Bpase?
Breaks down F26BP, which helps stimulate gluconeogenesis
300
What are some symptoms of Von Girke disease? (Type IA)
Enlarged liver, kidney failure
300
How does the cell get NADPH in the cytosol? (2 ways)
1. PPP 2. Malic enzyme (malate --> pyruvate)
300
What is the rate determining step in fatty acid synthesis?
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
400
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is a disease common among alcoholics. What enzyme does it target and why?
Transketolase (thiamine)
400
What is the universal starving signal among cells?
cAMP
400
What tissue are GLUT2 located on?
pancreatic beta cells
400
What enzyme catalyzes the addition of a fatty acid to a glycerol?
acyl transferase
400
Red blood cells only have one source of NADPH. What is that source?
PPP (No malic enzyme)
500
How does NADH get into the cytosol so that it can be used in gluconeogenesis?
1. Lactate --> pyruvate (lactate dehydrogenase) 2. Malate --> OAA (malate dehydrogenase)
500
How can you make pyruvate? (Name 4 ways)
1. Glycolysis (PEP --> pyruvate) 2. Lactate 3. Alanine 4. Malate (malic enzyme)
500
What is the purpose of phosphoglucomutase?
1. Rearrange G6P to G1P (and vice versa) 2. Amuse Atzie
500
What metabolites can cross the mitochondrial membrane? (4/5)
pyruvate, citrate, malate, PEP, FFA with carnitine
500
Name the enzymes with thiamine in them (3)
1. PDH 2. transketolase 3. thymidylate synthase