DNA & Genetics
What two molecules make up the backbone of DNA?
Sugar and phosphate
Which organelle is responsible for making proteins?
Ribosome
What is the correct order of the Central Dogma?
DNA → RNA → Protein
What stage occurs right before mitosis?
G2
The prefix “-ase” usually means what?
its an enzyme
Which bases pair together in DNA?
A–T and C–G
Which organelle controls all cell activities?
Nucleus
What process makes RNA from DNA?
Transcription
During which phase do chromosomes line up in the middle?
Metaphase
Which level of protein structure is determined by the sequence of amino acids?
a. tertiary
b. quaternary
c. primary
d. secondary
c. primary
What is the complementary DNA strand to 5’-AGTCTGA-3’? (including the prime ends)
3’-TCAGACT-5’
What’s the difference between the nucleus and the nucleolus?
Nucleus stores DNA; nucleolus makes ribosomes
What process builds a protein from mRNA?
Translation
Which phase shows the nuclear membrane reforming around 2 cells?
Telophase
Prions occur when misfolded proteins form and clump up, causing other proteins to misfold. Why is this harmful?
They can disrupt cell functions or cause disease
Arrange from smallest to largest: DNA, nucleus, liver cell, tissue, organ, body.
DNA → Nucleus → Cell → Tissue → Organ → Body
Which of these are NOT a membrane-bound organelle: nucleus, cell membrane, mitochondria, or cytoplasm? (can be more than one)
cell membrane and cytoplasm
During translation, what molecule brings amino acids to the ribosome?
tRNA
Compare mitosis and meiosis in one sentence.
Mitosis makes 2 identical cells; meiosis makes 4 non-identical gametes.
What does a ribosome do?
Reads mRNA and assembles amino acids into proteins
What is the relationship between a gene and a protein?
A gene contains the DNA instructions that code for a specific protein.
Why are human cells considered specialized?
Because cells vary in structure and function depending on their role in the body?
Which codon codes for the amino acid Lysine?
AAA
What kind of DNA strands form during replication?
A leading and a lagging strand
How can a change in the DNA sequence can lead to a misfolded protein?
A mutation in the DNA sequence can change the amino acid sequence, altering the protein’s shape and causing it to fold incorrectly.