Biotechnology, DNA, Protein Synthesis, Mutations

Who's Your Daddy

100

The first step of DNA fingerprinting/profiling

DNA extraction

200

Makes millions to billions of copies of a specific DNA segment

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

300

Non-coding regions of DNA with repeats around 3-7 base pairs in length.

What are Short Tandem Repeats (STRs)?

400

During gel electrophoresis, explain the two factors that affect the movement of the DNA through the gel.

1. Electricity - DNA is negatively charged, so all fragments move toward the positive electrode.

2. Size of the DNA fragments - smaller fragments fit through the pores more easily, so they move faster and therefore farther.

500

5 applications of DNA Fingerprinting

1. Forensics

2. Paternity testing

3. Identify human remains

4. Identify genetically modified organisms

5. Determine evolutionary relationships among organisms

Mama needs a new pair of Jeans

100

Organism with genes from another species

Transgenic organism

200

A circular piece of DNA naturally found in bacteria, often used as a vector to deliver genes into host cells.

Plasmid

300

In CRISPR gene editing, this molecule directs the editing machinery to a specific DNA sequence by matching its bases to the target.

What is guide RNA?

400

In the CRISPR system, this enzyme acts as molecular scissors, cutting DNA at the location specified by the guide RNA.

What is Cas9?

500

 

In reproductive cloning, the nucleus from a body (somatic) cell is transferred into an egg cell that has had its own nucleus removed in a process called____.

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT)

Double Trouble

100

A segment of DNA that carries the instructions for building proteins.

What is a gene?

200

What is the backbone of the DNA strand made up of? (2 molecules)

deoxyribose sugar and phosphate

300

The type of bond that holds bases together in the double helix.

Hydrogen Bonds

400

What DNA is included in the genome of an animal cell?

nuclear DNA

mitochondrial DNA

500

There has been a mix-up in the maternity ward of a hospital. Using DNA fingerprinting, how could you determine which baby belonged to which parents?

Each baby will have half of their DNA banding pattern from the mother and half from the father.

Crack the Code

100

Transcribe the following DNA sequence:

ATGCATGGC

UACGUACCG

200

What are the two steps of Protein Synthesis called, IN ORDER.

Transcription, Translation

300

In order to release the amino acid from tRNA, the ________ on the mRNA and the __________ on the tRNA must connect.

codons, anti-codons

400

In translation the mRNA strand binds to the ribosome and brings in tRNA, what is being made?

polypeptide

500

What are these 3 types of RNA and what do they do?

A. rRNA: builds the structure of the ribosome and helps to form the peptide bonds that hold amino acids together.

B. tRNA: brings amino acids to the ribosome.

C. mRNA: brings the genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm/ribosome

Protein Making Machine

100

Translation takes place when the mRNA leaves the nucleus, goes into the cytoplasm and heads to a  __________.

Ribosome

200

What is the monomer of a protein?

amino acid

300

During Transcription, what enzyme reads the DNA template strand and converts it to mRNA?

RNA Polymerase

400

What mRNA codon(s) would translate to Serine?

UCU

UCC

UCA

UCG

500

What are the 3 amino acids associated with the following DNA sequence?

TAC  TGT  AAA

AUG: Met - Start

ACA: Thr

UUU: Phe

Needs Grammarly

100

What are substances or agents that cause mutations called?

mutagens

200

When bases are inserted or deleted it causes a ___________. This causes the bases to move to the left or right depending on the type of mutation.

frameshift

300

True/False: a mutation always changes an organism's phenotype

False - a mutation is a change in the base-pair sequence and it may or may not cause a change in a trait

400

What type of mutation can be inherited?

Gametic mutation

500

Describe three possible results from a base substitution.

1. No effect on the protein (silent mutation).

2. Protein is the wrong shape due to one different amino acid.

3. Protein is too small (short polypeptide) due to a premature stop codon.