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Biotechnology Toolbox
Plant Tissue Culture
Agrobacterium and Plant Transformation
GMOs and Round-Up Ready Crops
Insect and Virus Resistant GMOs
100
Electric current that is used to separate the negatively charged DNA molecules. DNA fragments are generally stained with ethidium bromide.
What is Gel Electrophoresis
100
High auxin: low cytokinin induces what?
What is roots
100
_______ are used by Agrobacterium as its sole carbon and energy source.
What is opines.
100
True or false: Weeds are a type of biotic stress
What is True?
100
A bacterium whose toxin producing genes are engineered into plants
What is Bacillus thuringiensis?
200
These are characteristics for what? 1) They were discovered in phage-resistant bacteria 2) These enzymes can be isolated from bacteria that produce them 3) They cut DNA at recognition sequences in a very specific way 4) Generally cut at palindromic sequences 5) >800 available commercially available
What is a restriction enzyme
200
Agrobacterium, Particle bombardment, and Electroporation are methods used for what?
What is plant transformation.
200
A rod-shaped, motile bacteria, lives in virtually all soils and survives on nutrients released from the plant roots. Most strains that are found in nature do not contain a Ti plasmid.
What is Agrobacterium.
200
The scientific name for Round-Up by Monsanto
What is Glyphosate?
200
Two benefits of Bt crops.
What is reduced insecticide use and effective against target insect pests?
300
The following are common methods for what? Conjugation and transformation
What is transferring plasmids to bacteria.
300
______ in plants means each cell is capable of forming a new plant under the right conditions.
What is totipotency
300
_______ contains: 1) a vir region 2) A T-DNA region 3) Origin of replication 4) Genes for the catabolism of opines 5) Conjugative transfer system for plasmid transfer to bacteria
What is a Ti plasmid.
300
The three strategies for engineering herbicide resistance in plants.
What is overexpression of the target protein, mutation of the target protein, and detoxification of the herbicide in the crop species?
300
Insect pests that are most susceptible to Bt.
What is pink bollworm, tobacco budworm, and European corn borer?
400
What type of technique is described by the following characteristics: 1) Allows the synthesis of billions of copies of a target DNA fragment- critical in forensic analyses 2) Requires two primers that hybridize the opposite strands of the template 3) Denature the template DNA and hybridize the primers 4) DNA polymerase then copies both strands, starting at the two primers
What is PCR
400
In __________, embryo-like structures are induced to form from the callus or explant. These embryo-like structures undergo the same developmental pathway as a zygotic embryo.
What is somatic embryogenesis.
400
______ contains the genes that are responsible for the transfer of the T-DNA.
What is the vir region.
400
The best way to keep weeds in crop fields from developing resistance to herbicides.
What is stacking herbicide resistance genes in the crop?
400
The mechanism of Bt.
What is holes formed in the insect's gut which allow fluids to leak out?
500
_______ is usually done in the lab by mixing the bacteria with the DNA and then manipulating the mixture so the DNA is taken up; CaCl transformation and Electroporation are two methods used.
What is bacterial transformation.
500
Crown Gall is caused by this.
What is Agrobacterium.
500
T-DNA is targeted to the nucleus by plant mechanisms using ________ contained in VirD2 and VirE2
What is Nuclear Localization Signal, or NLS.
500
The mechanism of 2,4-D
What is absorbed through the leaves and is translocated to the meristems resulting in uncontrolled growth, leading to stem curlover, leaf withering, and eventual plant death?
500
The mechanism of action for engineering viral resistance in plants such as papaya.
What is scientists identify a piece of RNA from the "target" virus, and then build a transgene with a sequence designed to create the viral RNA. The transgene is inserted into the genome of a plant cell, which in turn is grown into a plant. In every cell of that plant and its offspring, the inserted transgene is "transcribed" into viral RNA. Thus, it arms the gene silencing mechanism to be on the lookout for the target virus.