Riding the Wave
This is the frequency of Alpha brain waves.
What is 8-13 Hz?
These cells are found in layer 5B of the Motor Cortex.
What are Pyramidal Cells (betz cells)?
This color light is used to activate higher frequency sensitive channelrhodopsin like those that are used in drosophila.
What is red light?
This simple behavioral test allows for examination of olfactory systems in many model organisms.
What is a PER assay or a Y maze (or T maze)?
This type of microscopy is preferable to Epifluorescence microscopy because it reduces the amount of photobleaching by using less energetic photons and is more spatially specific.
What is 2-photon Microscopy
These waves are best interpreted with an RMS analysis.
What are EMG waves?
The large cells in the cortex and hippocampus are named because of their large _______.
What are apical dendrites? (Large triangular cell body/basilar dendrites)
Blue light shined onto a brain expressing this genetically encoded calcium sensor will generate green images, which will show the calcium activity of neurons.
What is potassium GCAMP?
These reasons make drosophila appealing animal models.
What are: Large number of orthologous genes (65% shared genome with humans), breed fast, inexpensive, wide range of behaviors, and ethical considerations.
This EEG wave is elicited by playing an "odball" tone to a subject and then doing ERP averaging analysis.
What is the P300?
These brain waves are observed in subjects who are engaged in deep dreamless sleep.
What are delta waves?
One source of noise in EEG will be due to this. It can be mitigated by wrapping the head tightly with blue tape.
What is bad contact between the electrodes and the scalp (poor grounding)?
This type of microscopy relies on photons of higher frequency coincidentally being absorbed simultaneously in a sample by a fluorophore.
What is two photon imaging?
This type of conditioning relies on pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus.
What is classical conditioning?
ERP works based on this principle.
What is averaging out the noise (non time locked activity and noise is lost to averaging): Noise will cancel itself out (positive and negative waveforms averaging to 0), while true brain waves will move in the same direction and remain intact.
This wave unlike EMG or EEG does not need filtering or special analysis because of it's synchronized rhythm.
What is EKG (ECG)?
This simple clinical test can be done to determine damage to the central nervous system. Historically mummies have failed this test.
What is the knee jerk test (patellar reflex)?
Halorhodopsin pumps this ion into the cell to silence it and is activated by this type of light.
What is chloride (Cl-) and Yellow/Orange light?
These are the two types of validity for an animal model.
What are: Face validity: phenotype is the same. Construct validity: the underlying genetic/neural mechanism is the same.
The Allen brain atlas injected a doubly-floxed (loxp) AAV virus containing EGFP into this strain of transgenic mouse to obtain tractography of inhibitory specific cells.
What is pvalb1-cre mice. Cre has been placed behind the parvalbumin promotor in order to only be expressed in inhibitory cells. The doubly floxed AAV virus with EGFP may infect many cells, but EGFP will only be expressed in cells that were both infected and are parvalbumin positive (and therefore contain cre).
This wave is associated with sleep spindles which are seen in humans but not rats.
What is the sleep spindle frequency 12-15 hz (high alpha or low beta).
Shrews can shrink their brains during winter time (mummies had their brains removed)-> are tree shrews mummies-> no. Shrews do this because brains consume roughly this percentage of total bodily energy.
What is 20-25%?
We want to express an optogenetic channel in a drosophila's escape reflex system (cells in this system have the promotor DSCP). We have a transgenic drosophila line containing full body UAS-channelrhodopsin. This type of transgenic fly line would be necessary in order to breed our UAS line to produce escape-reflex specific optogenetic flies.
What is a escape reflex specific promotor DSCP- Gal4?
This describes operant conditioning.
What is a voluntary response is either rewarded or punished.
These EEG waves have the shortest latencies <100 ms and are linked with direct sensory processes e.g. hearing a sound.
What are evoked potentials.