Lipids
Lipid bilayers spontaneously form to orient the ____________ tails facing ____________ to minimize their contact with water.
What are hydrophobic tails facing inward?
Small, nonpolar molecules such as oxygen and carbon dioxide cross membranes by this process.
What is simple diffusion?
This DNA base pair takes more energy to pull apart because it has three hydrogen bonds.
What is guanine–cytosine?
This process moves water across a semi-permeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration to high solute concentration.
What is osmosis?
The simplest carbohydrate unit, such as glucose or fructose, is referred to as a:
What is a monosaccharide?
Exposure of purified phospholipids to water results in the spontaneous formation of these 2 structures.
What is a micelle and bilayer?
This type of transport requires energy to move molecules against their concentration gradient
What is active transport?
A DNA segment has the following coding strand:
5’-ATG CCT GAA-3’.
What is the sequence of the complementary template strand?
What is 3’-TAC GGA CTT-5’
You observe RBCs in three solutions: one swells, one shrinks, and one stays the same. Identify which solution is hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic.
What is swelling = hypotonic, shrinking = hypertonic, no change = isotonic?
The breakdown of glucose to pyruvate occurs in this cytoplasmic pathway, producing ATP and NADH.
What is glycolysis?
The lipid components of cellular membranes include:
What are phospholipids and cholesterol?
These 3 characteristics of molecules determine whether they can easily cross the plasma membrane without help.
What are size, charge, and polarity?
Refer to Slide 2
What is TCTC or GAGA?
Two RBC samples are placed in identical hypotonic solutions, but one sample is at 4 °C and the other at 37 °C. Which will lyse faster, and why?
What is 37 °C sample lyses faster because membrane fluidity and water movement are higher at warmer temperatures?
This type of energy is stored in the repulsion between negatively charged phosphate groups of ATP.
What is potential energy?
This term describes molecules that contain both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions, allowing phospholipids to arrange themselves into bilayers in water.
What is amphipathic?
Refer to Slide 1!
What is Na⁺ uses primary active transport, and glucose uses secondary active transport?
Refer to Slide 5
Refer to Slide 6
Predict what would happen if red blood cells were placed into a solution containing large, impermeable molecules.
What is RBCs shrink because water leaves the cell to balance solute concentration outside the membrane?
Oxygen consumed by animals during respiration is used in this stage of cellular respiration to generate a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis.
What is the electron transport chain (or electron transport and chemiosmosis)
These fatty acids, such as omega-3s, are considered healthier because their multiple double bonds support brain cell function and cardiovascular health, unlike saturated fats which can lead to atherosclerosis.
What are polyunsaturated fatty acids?
In secondary active transport, one molecule moves down its concentration gradient while driving the movement of another molecule against its gradient. This is also called:
What is cotransport or symport/antiport?
Refer to Slide 3
Refer to Slide 4
In an RBC experiment, 0.15 M NaCl is used as the control and 0.3 M ethylene glycol as the treatment. Why is 0.15 M NaCl a better control than 0.8 M NaCl?
What is 0.15 M NaCl dissociates into two ions, giving a total solute concentration (~0.3 osmol/L) that matches 0.3 M ethylene glycol, making it isotonic?
A protein is observed to unfold partially at 37 °C but fully at 60 °C. Identify what type of interactions are likely disrupted first.
What is hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions?