Stereotype and School Pushout: Race, Gender and Discipline Disparities
In 2012, this group of students was suspended at six times the rate of white girls, more than any other group of girls.
Who are African American girls?
This is a form of racial bias that favors lighter skin tones over darker skin tones, and was found to affect discipline outcomes for Black girls.
What is colorism?
This process occurs when exclusionary discipline like suspension or expulsion causes students to disengage from school and increases their likelihood of entering the criminal justice system.
What is the school-to-prison pipeline?
Within the last decade, which demographic has experienced the fastest-growing suspension rate amongst all public school students?
What are black girls?
Who sets the requirements for lawyers (admission, model of conduct within the justice system)?
What is lawyers?
According to 2009-10 data, while African American girls represented less than 17 percent of female students, they comprised this percentage of all girls referred to law enforcement.
What is 31 percent?
This form of bias occurs when adults see Black girls as older, more dangerous and sexually experienced than other girls their same age.
What is adultification bias?
George explains that heavy surveillance and policing in schools contribute to this psychological process, where students begin to adopt the negative labels imposed on them.
What is internalization of criminal identity?
According to GAO's analysis of the most recent Department of Education data from the school year 2017–18, what percent of all girls in public schools were Black?
What is 15 percent of girls in public schools.
How do Girl Courts help prevent the school-to-prison pipeline?
What is Trauma- informed alternative to traditional juvenile justice system
This unconscious mental process causes people to have negative feelings or attitudes toward others based on characteristics like race or appearance, often influencing disciplinary decisions without the educator's awareness.
What is implicit bias?
There is a theory that Black girls face higher discipline rates because they attend schools with stricter “zero tolerance” policies. However, the GAO report found that most of the discipline gap is driven by disparities in this process
What is differential decision-making in discipline within the same schools?
George argues that the continued presence of police in schools persists not only for safety, but because of this broader economic and structural incentive that benefits from criminalization.
What is the prison-industrial complex?
What racial demographic of girls experiences the highest rate of in school suspension?
Black girls have experienced the highest suspension rates compared to girls of other racial groups (Green 2020).
What is a recommended policy reform for repair to the educational pipeline ?
What is Increase accountability, implementing restorative justice and addressing causes of bias in school environments.
According to the document, these two social constructs were historically used to justify the enslavement and dehumanization of African Americans.
What are race and gender stereotypes?
In its analysis portion, GAO found that racial discipline gaps were the largest in this category of behavior, where consequences depend more on adult interpretation than on clearly, defined, concrete rules.
What are subjective infractions?
Hill explains that school disciplinary codes often rely on vague terms like “disrespect” or “willful defiance,” which allow decision-makers to exercise this type of authority that can reproduce racial and gender bias.
What is discretionary authority?
What is the difference between exclusionary discipline and non-exclusionary discipline in the school environment?
Exclusionary discipline refers to school policies that remove students from their regular educational setting as punishment for behavior, such as suspensions (in-school or out-of-school), expulsions, and, in some cases, classroom removals. Non-exclusionary discipline provides consequences to address behavior but does not remove students from the learning environment
What does the CROWN in the CROWN Act stand for?
What is Creating a Respectful and Open World for Natural Hair
This "no-win situation" occurs when African American girls are either quiet and passive—which may not serve their education—or they speak up and are disciplined for defying gender expectations.
What is a double bind (or being in a "no-win situation" regarding racial and gender expectations)?
After controlling for other school characteristics, the GAO report revealed that schools with higher percentages of Black students saw these specifc trends for Black girls enrolled…
What are lower rates of suspensions, expulsions, referrals, and arrests?
George explains that although Brown v. Board of Education ended formal school segregation, discipline disparities persisted because this deeper problem was never fully eliminated from educational institutions.
What is entrenched racial stratification (or systemic racism / racial hierarchy)?
What type of practices are intended to build relationships, strengthen communities, and achieve discipline through participatory learning and decision-making?
What are restorative practices?
Name one state that has successfully implemented legislative reforms that address repairing the educational pipeline and disciplinary bias ?
Minnesota, New Jersey, Utah, Hawaii,or Illinois