All thing eyes
This structure contains the highest density of cones and is responsible for sharp central vision.
What is the fovea centralis?
This bone forms the lower jaw and houses the lower teeth.
What is the mandible?
This artery is most commonly affected in strokes and impacts face and upper limb motor control.
What is the middle cerebral artery (MCA)?
This disease is characterized by beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles.
What is Alzheimer disease?
This nerve slows heart rate and innervates thoracic and abdominal organs.
What is the vagus nerve (CN X)?
Damage here causes loss of peripheral vision while central vision remains intact.
What is the optic chiasm (bitemporal hemianopia)?
This skull opening transmits the spinal cord as it becomes the brainstem.
What is the foramen magnum?
Infarction here could lead to contralateral homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing.
What is the posterior cerebral artery (PCA)?
This autoimmune demyelinating disease affects the CNS and often presents with optic neuritis.
What is multiple sclerosis?
Taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue is carried by this cranial nerve branch.
What is the facial nerve (CN VII) via the chorda tympani?
This muscle abducts the eye and is innervated by cranial nerve VI.
What is the lateral rectus?
This U-shaped bone does not articulate with any other bone.
What is the hyoid bone?
A rupture of this structure classically presents with a “worst headache of life" and bleeding in the subarachnoid space.
What is a berry/saccular aneurysm?
A patient presents with gait instability, urinary incontinence, and cognitive decline. Imaging shows enlarged ventricles without cortical atrophy. This condition is most likely.
What is normal pressure hydrocephalus?
This venous sinus contains cranial nerves III, IV, V1, V2, and VI along with the internal carotid artery.
What is the cavernous sinus?
Increased intraocular pressure most directly damages this structure first.
What is the optic nerve (optic disc/cup)?
A patient undergoes surgical resection of a pituitary adenoma through the nasal cavity. The surgeon must pass through this bone to access the sella turcica.
What is the sphenoid bone?
Occlusion of this artery leads to contralateral leg weakness more than arm weakness.
What is the anterior cerebral artery (ACA)?
A patient reports brief episodes of déjà vu followed by lip smacking and impaired awareness. EEG shows focal temporal lobe activity. This type of seizure is most likely.
What is a complex partial seizure?
A patient presents with deviation of the tongue toward the right on protrusion. The lesion affects this cranial nerve on this side.
What is the right hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)?
A patient presents with vertical diplopia that worsens when walking downstairs. On exam, the affected eye cannot depress while adducted. This nerve is injured.
What is the trochlear nerve (CN IV)?
A patient is brought to the ED after a head injury involving a temporal bone fracture. He briefly loses consciousness, regains it, then rapidly deteriorates. CT shows a biconvex (lens-shaped) hemorrhage. The fracture most likely damaged this structure running deep to this bone.
What is the middle meningeal artery (at the pterion of the temporal bone)?
A patient presents with ipsilateral facial paralysis, decreased lacrimation, hyperacusis, and loss of taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, along with contralateral loss of pain and temperature from the body. This stroke most likely involves this structure.
What is the pons (lateral pontine syndrome / AICA infarct)? AICA = “facial droop means AICA’s pooped”
A middle-aged patient develops progressive choreiform movements, depression, and dementia. Imaging shows caudate nucleus and putamen atrophy. This genetic mechanism is responsible.
What is a CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion (Huntington disease, passed AD)?
A patient presents with fever, periorbital edema, proptosis, and inability to abduct the eye. There is decreased sensation over the forehead. The infection most likely spread to this structure.
What is the cavernous sinus? (This venous sinus contains cranial nerves III, IV, V1, V2, and VI along with the internal carotid artery.)