Week 1
The time window of when it is appropriate to administer TPA.
Bonus (20 points): Why is TPA not appropriate for hemorrhagic stroke?
What is 3-4 hrs (about)?
These 3 risk factors are something to consider if you are worried the patient may have idiopathic intracranial HTN.
What is an obese child-bearing age female?
This neurotransmitter is used as an inhibitor in the spinal cord.
What is glycine?
This medication inhibits presynaptic calcium channels, causing decreased glutamate.
What is Gabapentin?
What is the notochord?
Areas in between the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries are this.
What are watershed zones?
Damage to the medial longitudinal fasciculus leads to impaired lateral gaze.
What is internuclear opthalmoplegia?
These features help us differentiate between a stroke and TIA.
TIAs:
- last a few minutes or 1-2 hrs
- no permanent damage
Stroke:
- lifelong neurological changes
This type of neurosyphillis is characterized by the demyelination of the dorsal columns and the dorsal root ganglia.
BONUS: Name the bacteria
What is Tabes Dorsalis?
Bonus (20 points): treponema pallidum.
DOUBLE OR NOTHING: Name and explain the types of sensory receptors.
Merkel cells: pressure, deep static touch, and position sense.
Free nerve endings: pain and temperature.
Meissner corpuscle: dynamic light touch and position sense
Ruffini: pressure, slippage of objects along skin, and joint angle change
Pacinian corpuscle: vibration and pressure
This type of aphasia will have fluent speech and intact comprehension with impaired repetition with paraphasia.
What is conduction apahasia?
This is an eye disorder where there is abnormal alignment of the eyes ("crossed eyes").
Bonus: Name 4 of them (10 points each)
What is strabismus?
Bonus: Esotropia, exotropia, hypertropia, hypotropia
This neurotransmitter is involved in mood regulation, sleep, appetite, and pain.
What is serotonin?
This is the gene mutation that is believed to be the most likely cause of ALS.
What is SOD1?
This is the difference in pathophysiology between MG and Lambert Eaton.
MG: autoantibodies attacking AChR impairing neuromuscular signaling.
LES: autoantibodies attacking presynaptic voltage-gated calcium channels.
This is an altered state of consciousness, consisting of confusion, distractibility, disorientation, disordered thinking and memory, defective perception, prominent hyperactivity, agitation, and autonomic nervous system overactivity.
What is delirium?
This syndrome occurs due to an infarct at the basilar artery, affecting the pons. You can only move your eyes and blink.
What is locked-in syndrome?
These three explanations tell us why nicotine is so addictive.
1. brain reward centers
2. tolerance and dependence
3. withdrawal and craving mechanisms
This is the soft, gelatinous center of an intervertebral disc.
Bonus: What type of collagen surrounds it?
What is the nucleus pulposus?
Bonus: Type II collagen.
Reactivation of what virus can cause oligodendrocyte infection and destruction.
Bonus: What neurological disorder does the virus cause?
What is human polyomavirus (JC virus)?
Bonus: what is progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy?
This syndrome encompasses a range of arrhythmias due to the inability of the sinoatrial node to generate or prorogate electrical impulses effectively.
Bonus: Name 1 intrinsic pathology and 1 extrinsic cause (20 points each)
What is sick sinus syndrome?
Intrinsic pathology: age-related degeneration, genetic, cardiac remodeling d/t heart failure, etc
Extrinsic: obstructive sleep apnea
DOUBLE OR NOTHING: Walk the lab through the pupillary light reflex.
Ariana's Visual Pathway presentation with mini quizzes built in:
This is a temporary paralysis that occurs in some people after a seizure, usually affecting one side of the body and lasting from 30 minutes to 36 hrs.
What is Todd's paralysis?
There are three classifications of MS.
Bonus: Explain them (20 points each)
Relapsing-remitting: exacerbations w/ complete remission
Secondary progressive: follows RR-MS and there is gradual neurofunction decline APART from exacerbation
Primary progressive: no remission w/ continuous decline
This is a progressive muscular dystrophy and X-linked recessive disease that occurs due to an absent dystrophin gene mutation.
What is Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?