Physio
This primary function of saliva is the process of forming a bolus and swallowing
What is deglutition
This process ensures that a newly made TCR must bind MODERATELY to MHC molecule. If it does not it undergoes apoptosis
What is positive selection
This is the infective stage to Definitive host in nearly all trematodes
What is metacercaria
This muscle of the tongue with retract and depress the tongue
What is hyoglossus m.
Immuno - this is a state of no responsiveness which occurs when a co-stimulatory signal is absent
What is clonal anergy
This nerve mediates receptive relaxation/accommodation
What is the Vagus nerve
The phenomenon where T cells can only recognize antigen peptides presented by specific MHC molecules that are considered "self" for that individual.
What is self MHC restriction
A indoor/outdoor siamese cat comes in to the clinic showing icterus, and a palpable liver. You believe it to be this Trematode
What is platnosomum fastosum
This lymph node drains the superficial face
What is the parotid salivary gland
Physio - these cells regulate small intestine contractions by acting as pacemakers.
What are cells of Cajal
This zone of the liver is severely impacted in the case of a cat that ingested xylitol
What is zone 1(peri portal area)
This cytokine aids in autoimmunity prevention by promoting function and survival of regulatory T cells (Treggs)
What is IL-2
This parasite is affecting the rumen of young goats but the immature flukes in the duodenum are causing enteritis
What is paramphistomum spp.
The lingual vein drains into this vein directly before going to external jugular v.
What is the linguofacial v.
Immuno - Without this subunit on IL-2 receptors the protein is produced but does not act as a chain that binds the cytokine so you will a decrease in B & T cell proliferation
what is common gamma chain
Bile acids when conjugated to amino acids (glycine & taurine) result in this compound
what is bile salt
This is the most effective antigen presenting cell for primary T cell responses
What is dendritic cell
This cestode parasite can cause “Nodular tapeworm disease” in heavy infections in fowl
What is Raillietina spp.
In the event of facial n. damage. the jaw would not be able to perform this action
what is open
facial nerve innervates caudal digastricus which opens jaw
Physio- This compound is essential for biotransformation of a drug to occur in the liver
What is cytochrome 450
Dogs with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency see a decrease in B12 as the lack of proteases available to release B12 from food is depleted. This causes a lack of B12 binding to this receptor required for absorption.
What is intrinsic factor
Increasing positive selection, while generally beneficial for pathogen defense, can indirectly increase the risk of developing this type of disease due to evolutionary trade-offs
What is autoimmunity
notes: Specifically, genes selected for strong immune responses to pathogens might also predispose individuals to autoimmune disease. Genes selected for robust immune responses to pathogens might be more likely to have autoreactive T cells (T cells that mistakenly attack the body's own cells) escape negative selection in the thymus. This is because the process of thymic selection, which eliminates autoreactive T cells, can be less effective when the immune system is under strong positive selection for other function
Performing a necropsy on a fox you find these flat 6mm long adult pink/brown trematodes in the small intestine.
What is Alaria spp.
This artery supplies blood to the ventral teeth
What is inferior alveolar a.
Parasit - This parasite was diagnosed after a adhesive tape method was conducted for a horse that had pruritus, and broken hair at the base of their tail
What is Oxyuris equi