Immunology
Use of broad-spectrum antibiotics may deplete the normal flora and result in infections by opportunistic organisms. The main example of this is what?
Clostridium Difficile AKA C. Diff
Which Vitamin acts as an antioxidant vs. free radicals and reactive oxygen species?
Vitamin E
Elevated Neutrophils tend to denote an infection by what type of pathogen?
Bonus 1: what about elevated eosinophils?
Bonus 2: Lymphocytes?
bacteria
Bonus 1: Parasites
Bonus 2: Viruses
Which of these causes an innate immune response?
Necrosis or Apoptosis
Necrosis
Apoptosis does NOT cause any immune response
The extreme rigidity of what joint is one of the first symptoms of a tetanus infection?
TMJ, or Temporomandibular Joint
Natural Killers Cells contain 2 lytic granules that provide their enzymatic activity.
Name them both.
BONUS: Name an inhibitory molecule for Natural Killer cells.
Perforins and Granzymes
Bonus: MHC Class 1 Cells
What medication can induce a pyridoxal phosphate deficiency due to the production of an inactive derivative?
Bonus: What is the medication primarily used for?
Isoniazid
Bonus: Tuberculosis
What does PCR stand for?
Polymerase Chain Reaction
What type of necrosis is described below?
Predominant necrosis in the CNS
Dead cells completely digested
Tissue becomes viscous liquid mass
Bonus: In what situation is this necrosis type usually found?
Liquefaction Necrosis
Bonus: Focal bacteria or fungal infections
What type of fracture is described below?
Horizontal fracture passes through superior orbital fissures and ethmoid and nasal bones.
Extends laterally through the greater wings of sphenoid and frontozygomatic sutures
Concurrent fracturing of zygomatic arches causes maxillae and zygomatic bones to separate from the rest of the cranium
LeFort Fracture III
What Immunoglobulin is co-expressed with IgM on the surface of all naïve mature B cells?
Bonus: Which Immunoglobulin is most associated with allergies?
IgD
Bonus: IgE
This Vitamin is combined with an opsin molecule to form rhodopsin and deficiency in it causes the formation of Bitot's spots.
Bonus: Name a medication that is not recommended for pregnant women due its high concentration of this vitamin which could lead to toxicity.
Vitamin A
Bonus: Accutane
What is the most common bacterial CSF infection in Adults?
S. pneumoniae or N. meningitidis
Match these appropriately.
Hypertrophy Increase in cell number
Atrophy Increase in cell size
Hyperplasia Transformation of cells
Metaplasia Decrease in cell size
Hypertrophy - increase in cell size
Atrophy - Decrease in cell size
Hyperplasia - Increase in cell number
Metaplasia - Transformation of cells
What nerve lies directly posterior to the thyroid gland and is susceptible to injury during a thyroidectomy?
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve
1. Which specific Interleukin is responsible for the Clonal Expansion of lymphocytes?
2. Which specific Interleukin is responsible for inducing fibroblasts to produce inflammatory cytokines?
3. Which specific Interleukin is responsible for activating eosinophils?
4. What Interferon activates M1 macrophages?
1. IL-2
2. IL-17
3. IL-5 (also IL-4 and IL-13)
4. INF-Gamma
Niacin Deficiency causes is usually prominent in people with corn-based diets or who are alcoholics. This deficiency causes a disease named Pellagra. Pellagra has 4 main symptoms that all begin with D.
Name them all.
Dermatitis
Diarrhea
Dementia, Leading to...
Death
Name a type of selective growth media used for cultures.
MacConkey Agar
What is the name of the process where reactive oxygen species are produced in phagocytic leukocytes (neutrophils and macrophages) to destroy ingested microbes and other substances?
Respiratory Burst
What is the physical presentation that can help to differentiate between Bell's Palsy and Central Seven Disease?
Bell's Palsy - Unilateral loss of function of muscles of facial expression, both upper and lower
Central Seven - Only loss of lower muscles of facial expression, upper muscles functioning
What specific chemokine is responsible for the recruitment of neutrophils?
CXCL-8
Name all 4 enzymes Biotin is a cofactor for.
Yes, I am asking this again
Pyruvate Carboxylase
Acetyl CoA Carboxylase
Propionyl CoA Carboxylase
Methylcrotonyl CoA Carboxylase
There is a very specific stain used for the identification of Cryptococcus neoformans in CSF.
Name it.
Bonus: Why does this stain work for this organism?
India Ink
Bonus: Ink cannot penetrate the capsule leaving a clear halo around the organism with the background staining black
Name the sentinel cell that begins the Mitochondrial, or intrinsic, apoptotic pathway by sensing the extracellular environment.
ALSO
Give one of the two "death receptors" that begin the extrinsic apoptotic pathway.
Sentinel cell is BH3
AND
The death receptors are FAS and TNF1
What space is a route for infection to spread from pharynx to posterior mediastinum and is located posterior to esophagus and its pretracheal (visceral) fascia and anterior to prevertebral fascia?
Retropharyngeal or Retrovisceral Space