URINALYSIS
What are the primary functional organs or the urinary system?
The kidneys
How soon after implantation is HCG detectable in the urine?
1 week after implantation
Name the 2 disorders of glucose metabolism and what they are
Diabetes mellitus-increased blood glucose
Hypoglycemia-decreased blood glucose
Which specimens are most common in Chemistry?
Blood & Urine
sTUDY OF ____________
Is the study of what?
Human blood groups
Tests that monitor kidney function?
BUN
Creatinine
Uric Acid
What are the 3 processes involved in urine formation?
Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
What is the preferred specimen and why?
First morning urine as it is most concentrated
List the 3 types of diabetes mellitus
Type 1-insulin dependant
Type 2-non insulin dependant
Gestational
What is a tumor marker?
when a cell develops into a cancerous cell, it develops unique antigens, these markers are specific to each antigen. They are used to screen for cancer, monitor cancer and determine the degree of tumor present.
What are antibodies made for?
Antigens
What are some components provided?
Platelets
Albumin
Fresh frozen plasma
Cryoprecipitate
Factor VIII (AHF) for
hemophilics
IgG concentrate
RhD immunoglobulin
What would the test GLU AC stand for
Fasting glucose ( AC=ANTE CIBUM=BEFORE EATING)
Urine composition:
(extra) what is the highest concentration
95% water & 5% solutes
Urea
What type of test do we do in the lab with our cassettes?
Qualitative
OR
Chromatographic Immunoassay
What are the functions of insulin
Lowers blood glucose by increasing cellular uptake
increases glycolysis
increases the rate of conversion of glucose to glycogen
Why do we do TDM?
How are antibodies produced?
As a respond to a foreign body, by plasma cells
Who is responsible for all blood donations around Canada? (except quebec)
Canadian Blood Services
What would FBS/FBG stand for?
Fasting blood sugar/Fasting blood glucose
Name 3 hormones produced by the kidneys
Erythropoietin- rbc production in bone marrow
Renin- influences blood pressure
Vitamin D3- increases of absorption of dietary calcium
How can we get a quantitative test done?
With serum
What is the typical glucose test done for maternal patients?
1 hour 50 mg
What is the peak range and the trough range mean?
Peak=highest level the drug reaches
Trough=lowest level
What percentage of serum proteins are antibodies?
10-15%
What is a segment for?
What is found in electrolytes?
Cations- Na+ and K+
Anions- Cl- and HC03-
How much is a healthy amount of output of urine?
between 1 and 2 litres
What does the "S" stand for on a pregnancy test?
Sample well=where you put the specimen
What is HbA1C?
Glycated hemoglobin
How do we obtain serum?
collecting blood in a tube without anticoagulant; allowing blood to clot; centrifuging the clotted specimen; removing the liquid portion (serum)
What is natural resistance?
Natural immunity that we have to protect ourselves against harmful substances (Innate)
What type of blood do we typically use in BBK?
Whole blood
A test for minerals
Ca
Phos
Fe
What is the renal threshold?
Many small molecules that enter the filtrate become reabsorbed into the blood as filtrate passes through the tubules in the nephron. When the blood concentration is too high it will be excreted in the urine.
What is the fobt?
SCREENING TEST that screens for blood in the gastrointestinal tract
Why is it measured?
It shows how a patient controls their blood glucose over a longer period of time
What type of patient should you be prepared for being a difficult patient?
Children/Elderly
What is specific immunity?
the bodys immune response that recognizes and remembers different antigens that it has encountered in the past (adaptive/aquired)
What does FFP stand for?
Fresh Frozen Plasma
Tests for liver function
Bilirubin
Liver enzymes-ALK, GGT, ALT, AST, LDH
What are the 3 parts of a urinalysis?
Physical
Chemical
Microscopic
What is the chemical used in the cards for FOBT?
Guaiac
Why is blood glucose a measurement of 3 months?
Because that is the typical lifespan of a RBC
Where should you collect blood from when the patient has an IV?
Another arm/location or below the IV with physicians permission
What is the bodys first like of defense?
Skin; Mucous membranes
ie: mucus; stomach acid; enzymes in tears
How often is the temperatures checked?
Daily/Once per shift
Best markers for cardiac function:
Troponin
CK
What gives urine it's normal color?
Urochrome
How do you know a FOBT is positive?
A blue color will form around the sample.
What is a glucometer for?
Testing blood sugars at home
What could happen if you leave the tourniquet on too long?
Hemoconcentration & K and Ca can be effected=hemolysis
Specific immunity is characterized by 3 properties, what are they?
Recognition
Specificity
Memory
How do we do our blood typing? (what type of reaction we look for)
Agglutination
Lipid metabolism tests:
Chol
Trig
HDL
LDL
Examination should be done within ______________
and if not then ________________________________________
(extra) what should be done to sample before testing?
1 hour
refrigerated max of 4 hours
brought to room temp & swirling to mix
What is the main disadvantage of the FOBT?
It is not specific for blood.
What types of specimens can glucose be measured on
whole blood
plasma
urine
serum
CSF
What is arterial blood collected in?
Heperanized syringe
What is an epitope?
portion of an antigen that reacts specifically with an antibody
What blood type is the Univeral donor?
O
TSH
T4
T3
What is the normal pH range for urine?
4.5-8.0
What could cause false positive?
Drugs, food, excess vitamin c, alcohol
What is the difference of glucose in serum VS plasma VS whole blood?
Serum can be 5% higher than plasma
whole blood is slightly lower than plasma
What does the "Chloride sweat test" test for?
Cystic fibrosis
Which immunoglobulin has the highest concentration in serum? It provides long lasting immunity.
IGG
What blood type is the universal receiver?
AB
Hormones that could be ordered for Chemistry:
Progesterone hcg
Testosterone T4
Prolactin LH
PTH FSH
Estradiol