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Brown vs. Board of Education
Separate schools are not equal.
Marbury v. Madison
Established the doctrine of judicial review.
U.S. v. Nixon
The President is not above the law.
Plessy v. Ferguson
Upheld racial segregation under the “separate but equal” doctrine.
McCulloch v. Maryland
The Constitution gives the federal government certain implied powers.
Bethel School District #43 v. Fraser
Students do not have a First Amendment right to make obscene speeches in school.
Board of Education of Independent School District #92 of Pottawatomie County v. Earls
Random drug tests of students involved in extracurricular activities do not violate the Fourth Amendment.
Cooper v. Aaron
States cannot nullify decisions of the federal courts.
Engel v. Vitale
School initiated-prayer in the public school system violates the First Amendment.
Gideon v. Wainwright
Indigent defendants must be provided representation without charge.
Goss v. Lopez
Students are entitled to certain due process rights.
Grutter v. Bollinger (2003)
Colleges and universities have a legitimate interest in promoting diversity.
Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier (1988)
Administrators may edit the content of school newspapers.
Loving v. Virginia
Virginia’s law against interracial marriages was unconstitutional.
Mapp v. Ohio (1961)
Illegally obtained material cannot be used in a criminal trial.
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
Police must inform suspects of their rights before questioning.
New Jersey v. T.L.O. (1985
Students have a reduced expectation of privacy in school.
New York Times v. Sullivan (1964)
In order to prove libel, a public official must show that what was said against them was made with actual malice.
Roper v. Simmons (2005)
It is cruel and unusual punishment to execute persons for crimes they committed before age 18.
Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe (2000)
Students may not use a school's loudspeaker system to offer student-led, student-initiated prayer.
Terry v. Ohio (1968)
Stop and frisks do not violate the Constitution under certain circumstances.
Texas v. Johnson (1989)
Even offensive speech such as flag burning is protected by the First Amendment.
Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)
Students do not leave their rights at the schoolhouse door.
Vernonia School District v. Acton (1995)
Random drug tests of student-athletes is not an unreasonable search and seizure.
Zelma v. Simmons-Harris (2002)
Certain school voucher programs are constitutional.