Water &
What are the differences between fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins?
Fat-soluble: absorbed with dietary fat. Anything interfering with fat absorption will impair fat-soluble absorption. Vitamins A, D, and E are not readily excreted from the body. Toxicity from vitamin A is most frequently observed.
Water-soluble: absorbed in the small intestine and has high bioavailability. Transported to the liver via the portal vein and distributed to body tissue. Excess excreted in urine. B-6 & B-12 are stored in the liver.
What are the differences between retinoids and carotenoids?
Both are forms of vitamin A.
Retinoids: animal sources. Retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid. Stored in liver called retinyl (connected to a fatty acid)
Carotenoids: plant sources, phytochemicals. Antioxidant. Beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin. Lutein, zeaxanthin. Body can turn it to an active for of vitamin A. less harmful since its not as bioavailable as retinoids.
What minerals do we consume to maintain fluid balance?
Primarily sodium, potassium, and chloride.
What is pellagra?
Niacin deficiency that causes rough or scaly skin with symptoms of dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and death.
What is exercise?
Physical activities that are planned, repetitive, and intended to improve physical fitness
What is the most common source of vitamin and mineral toxicity?
supplements.
The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994: A supplement in the United States in a product intended to supplement the diet that contains one or more of the following ingredients: vitamin, mineral, herb or another botanical, amino acid, or an extract or combination of the above.
unregulated industry in the US
How is vitamin E an antioxidant?
Vitamin E donates electrons or hydrogens to free radicals to make cell more stable. Important in areas exposed to high levels of oxygen (RBCs and lungs).
How are minerals stored?
Stored in various tissues, some remain in bloodstream.
Others stored in muscle tissue, organs, glands.
Bone: Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and fluoride.
Liver: Iron, copper, zinc and some trace minerals.
A thiamin deficiency prevents glucose from being metabolized into ATP, resulting in weakness, loss of appetite, irritability, tingling, and loss of muscle coordination.
What is the FITT principle?
An acronym to help plan a balanced fitness program. Frequency (number of days per week), intensity (how hard you work), time, type of exercise.
How is sparkling water advised to not be consumed by itself?
Carbon dioxide makes the water more acidic which is enough to erode tooth enamel, making sparkling water harmful to teeth.
How is vitamin D made?
When the vitamin D precursor in our skin is exposed to sunlight, it travels as an inactive vitamin D3 to the liver, where it travels to calcidiol in the kidney to become an active form of D3 calcidiol.
What is the protein that carries most of the body’s copper in the blood?
Ceruloplasmin
What is osteoporosis?
Porous and fragile bones due to low mineral density. a pediatric disease with geriatric consequences. prevention: weight-bearing physical activity.
What are the benefits of flexibility exercises?
To improve the ability to move a joint through a full range of motion. Improve balance and stability. Reduces risks of falls and injuries, especially among older adults.
What two hormones participate in fluid conservation?
Antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone.
ADH is secreted by the pituitary gland when [solutes] in the blood are high to tell the kidney to reduce water excretion which increases blood volume.
Aldosterone is produced by adrenal glands when blood volume is low and tells kidneys to conserve sodium and water, which increases blood volume.
How does vitamin D regulate calcium?
Increase absorption of calcium in small intestines
Decrease calcium excretion in the urine
Increase osteoclast activity causes the release of calcium from bones into the blood
What regulates thyroid hormone?
It regulates the thyroid gland, maintaining the production of the thyroid hormone which regulates metabolic rate and growth. If not enough iodine is consumed, thyroid hormone keeps producing which causes goiters (large thyroid glands).
What causes scury?
Vitamin C deficiency causes reduced collagen synthesis, bruising, bleeding gums, and poor wound healing.
What energy compound would you use for the first 15 seconds of the burst of activity like jumping?
Phosphocreatine
What is hyponatremia?
When too much water is drunk and not enough electrolytes, the blood is dilated and can cause swelling of brain, nerves, fluid in lungs.
What vitamins and minerals in grains are enriched when you remove bran, germ, and husk?
riboflavin, niacin, folic acid and iron
What are the functions of zinc?
DNA synthesis and function, protein metabolism, wound healing, and growth. Development of bones and reproductive organs. Storage, release, and function of insulin. Cell membrane structure and function. Important as a cofactor in antioxidant reaction, and white blood cell formation.
What causes megaloblastic anemia?
Megaloblastic anemia is a type of macrocytic anemia caused by folate or vitamin B-12 deficiency that cause red blood cells to be unable to divide, leaving large, immature red blood cells.
During heavy exercise, which macronutrient is metabolized primarily by skeletal muscles?
Glucose