Topic 8
Differentiation between completed mRNAs, which will be released from the nucleus, and wherein the cell these mRNAs are sent.
What is the RNA transport and localization control?
The covalent addition of a CH3 group to molecules and serves as an effective and simple mechanism for repressing gene function.
What is methylation?
Triton X-100, sodium dodecyl sulfite (SDS) and beta-octylglucoside are what.
What are detergents?
A hydrophilic protein pathway that can mediate passive/active transport when coupled to an energy source.
What is a transporter?
Activators turn genes that are “off” into the “on” position, but as an additional level of transcription regulation they must often be bound by this secondary protein before they can bind DNA.
What is a co-activator?
Isoforms are created by what method.
What is alternative splicing?
Flippases and scramblases are the enzymes that assist in this movement of phospholipids from one monomer to another.
What is flip-flop?
This transporter facilitates the passive movement of a single solute from one side of the membrane to the other at a rate determined by their Vmax and Km.
What is a uniporter?
Transcription regulators are also known as.
What are cis-regulatory sequences?
An X-chromatin that is an inactive X chromosome. Usually occurs in females.
What are Barr Bodies?
This laboratory technique involves photobleaching a specific area of fluorescently labeled cells or tissues, followed by observing the recovery of fluorescence in that region over time.
What is FRAP?
In some cells, in addition to the water diffusion, these channels allow more rapid transport of water molecules and prevent ions from crossing the membrane. They are essential in animal cells where rapid water transport is required.
What are the aquaporins?
A motif that has 2 alpha-helices held at a fixed angle.
What is a Helix-Turn-Helix Motif?
These cells must constantly respond to changes in their environment but, generally maintain their individual identities.
What are specialized cells?
These trans-membrane proteins are arranged as large cylindrical complexes formed by a range of 8 to 22 beta-strands and are the parts of the multipass membrane proteins.
What are the beta-barrels?
This class of transport ATPase primarily pumps small organic molecules across cell membranes and contain two highly conserved ATPase domains on the cytosolic side of the membrane.
What are ABC transporters?
These specific DNA sequences, typically 5–12 nucleotide pairs in length, are named due to their location on the same chromosome as the genes they govern. Recognized by transcription regulators, they initiate a cascade of reactions determining which genes are transcribed and their rates.
What are cis-regulatory sequences?
Bacteria utilize this mechanism to protect themselves from viruses. In eukaryotes, these molecules regulate protein synthesis by forming complexes that silence mRNAs.
What are the small noncoding RNAs?
This causes the unsaturated hydrocarbon tails of a phospholipid molecule to pack loosely, making the lipid bilayer more fluid and more difficult to freeze.
What are cis-double bonds?
Mitochondria H+ pumps create what.
What is membrane potential?