Styles (Pashler et al.)
Matching input to a single modality.
What is Learning Styles Myth?
Direct teaching of meaning, form, and use.
What is explicit instruction?
Reviewing a word at spaced intervals.
What is spaced repetition?
Words that habitually occur together.
What are collocations?
No strong evidence that style-matching boosts learning.
What is low empirical support?
Learning vocabulary through exposure in context.
What is incidental learning?
Recycling words across speaking, listening, reading, writing.
What is vocabulary recycling?
Knowing how words combine in phrases.
What is collocational knowledge?
Belief that styles simplify teaching design.
What is intuitive appeal?
Nation’s recommended balance with direct methods.
What is a balanced approach?
Self-testing with prompts and answers.
What is retrieval practice?
Depth beyond basic meaning—nuance and register.
What is lexical sophistication?
Overemphasis on one style can ____ instruction.
What is limit?
Teaching word families and usage patterns.
What is morphological awareness?
Connecting new words to prior knowledge.
What is elaboration?
Assessing a learner’s word-use in production.
What is productive knowledge?