Skeleton
Tibia and fibula are examples of what types of bone?
Long Bone
There are 3 different types of muscles in the human body. Name them
Voluntary (skeletal) – Found mainly attached to the skeleton, capable of rapid contraction, move under conscious control
Involuntary (Smooth) – Slow, found mainly around organs in the body, performs movements without any conscious control
Cardiac – Found only in the heart, no conscious control
What is Respiration?
Is the process by which the body takes in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.
The circulatory system consists of;
Blood
Heart
Blood Vessels (capillaries, veins - return blood to the heart , arteries take blood away from the heart )
The skeleton has 5 main functions. name them
Support - Provides a framework for the body
Protection - For the internal organs of the body
Movement – Bones serve as levers for body movement
Shape – Bones help to maintain posture
5.Red Blood Cell Production - Bone marrow produces red blood cells
What is a muscles Origin & Insertion
The origin is where the muscle tendon is attached to the fixed or stationary bone
The insertion is where the muscle tendon attaches to the moving bone
When a muscle contracts the insertion moves towards the origin. This is called “muscle action”
As exercise increases, what happens to the rate (frequency) and depth (tidal volume)?
they increase proportionate to the increase in exercise effort
What are the Components of blood?
Plasma – liquid component of blood that carries a lot of the nutrients, minerals and water we need. It is important in controlling body heat via sweating.
Red Blood Cells – main role is to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide around the body. Oxygen attaches to haemoglobin (oxygen carrying molecule) to be transported to the body’s cells.
White blood cells – they are a mobile protection system against disease.
Platelets – produce clotting substances when blood vessels are damaged
The vertebral column can be broken up into 5 areas, name them:
1. cervical
2. Thoracic
3. Lumbar
4. Sacral
5. Cocyx
The hamstring muscle does what movements at the hips and knee
Extends the Hips & flexes the Knee
Breathing is controlled automatically by the brain and involves two phases, inspiration and expiration. Explain them:
Inspiration – Air coming in. Diaphragm contracts and flattens, ribs expand, air pressure in lungs decreases and air from outside comes rushing in.
Expiration – Air moving out. Diaphragm relaxes and pushes up, ribs and chest cavity retract and relax, air pressure inside the lungs increases due to decrease in volume of chest cavity and air is forced out.
The heart pumps blood to the body through a rhythmic contraction and relaxation process called the Cardiac Cycle. What are the 2 cycles?
Diastole – relaxing and filling when blood from around the body rushes back in to the heart. (Heart Expanding)
Systole – Contracting and pumping phase when blood is pushed back out into the body. (Heart Contracting)
There are 5 types of synovial joints; Name at least 3 of them, and give an example of Each
Ball and Socket Joint – Allows a full range of motion e.g. the hip and shoulders
Pivot Joint – Allows rotation – e.g. atlas and axis (top 2 bones) in the neck
Hinge Joint – Allows movement in one plane; flexion and extension e.g. Elbow and Knee joints
Condyloid and saddle Joint – Tight fitting surfaces move side to side + Forwards & Back e.g. Thumb, wrist
Gliding Joints - These occur in the many small bones of the hands and feet. Allow small movement forward and back and side to side
What is an agonist & antagonist muscle?
The muscle doing the work or creating the movement are the agonist. The muscle which is relaxing and allowing the movement to occur are called the antagonist.
Where does the Exchange of gases occur?
Where the alveoli sacks meet the capillaries, oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged.
What do Arteries, capillaries and veins do?
Arteries – Carry blood away from the heart. They contain thick strong muscular walls that withstand the pressure of the blood being pumped through them. They eventually turn into arterioles before becoming capillaries.
Capillaries – smallest blood vessels that exchange gases and nutrients, hormones and waste
Veins – Transport blood back to the heart. Walls are thin to allow different levels of blood to flow back to the heart. Also consist of valves to prevent blood flowing back
There are 10 Joint Actions that we have discussed this year. Name them. Bonus points for explaining what they are
Extension – A joint straightened or extended in its natural position
Flexion – a joint bent or flexed so that one of the bones of the joint moves towards the other
Adduction – A movement towards the central line of the body
Abduction – A movement away from the central line of the body
Rotation – a turning movement around a central pivot or point
Circumduction – a movement which causes part of the body to describe a complete circle
Inversion – Rotation of the foot inwards
Eversion – Rotation of the foot outwards
Plantar flexion – Flexion of the back of the ankle causing the foot to point the toes away from the body
Dorsi flexion – flexion at the front of the ankle causing the foot to point the toes towards the body
What are the 3 types of muscle contractions we spoke about this year? give an example of each
Concentric contraction – This is a dynamic, or isotonic, contraction during which the length of the muscle changes. In this contraction the muscle shortens; for example, when raising a weight in a biceps curl.
Eccentric contraction – In this type, the contraction is dynamic as the muscle lengthens; for example, when the weight is lowered in a biceps curl.
Isometric Contraction – These contractions are static. There is tension in the muscle but there is little movement as the muscles push against an object that doesn’t move.
what happens to the Rate and depth of breathing as we 1) anticipate exercise, and 2) participate in exercise?
Rate and depth of breathing increase moderately as we anticipate exercise
Rate and depth of breathing increases rapidly once exercise starts. It increase further during prolonged exercise as a result of increased carbon dioxide build up
The term blood pressure refers to the force exerted by blood on the walls of the blood vessels. Blood pressure has two phases — systolic and diastolic. Explain them
Systolic pressure is the highest (peak) pressure recorded when blood is forced into the arteries during contraction of the left ventricle (systole).
Diastolic pressure is the minimum or lowest pressure recorded when the heart is relaxing and filling (diastole)