Systems
Which organ system is responsible for taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide?
The Respiratory System.
What is the main organ of the nervous system that controls the body?
The Brain.
What is a virus?
A microscopic infectious agent that can only replicate inside the living cells of a host organism (animals, plants, or bacteria).
What is the main purpose of the immune system?
To protect the body against invaders like viruses, bacteria, and foreign substances to prevent illness.
What makes up the central nervous system?
The brain and the spinal cord.
Which system allows you to move?
The muscular system.
What is the largest organ in the human body?
The skin
Are viruses larger or smaller than bacteria?
Smaller. Viruses are microscopic, often much smaller than bacteria.
What are the first lines of defense?
Physical barriers like skin, tears, saliva, and mucus that stop pathogens from entering the body.
What is the basic cell of the nervous system?
A neuron (nerve cell).
How many bones does an adult human have?
206 bones.
Which organ is responsible for breathing and gas exchange?
Lungs
What are the two main components of a virus?
Genetic material (DNA or RNA) and a protective protein shell called a capsid.
How do white blood cells defend the body?
They act as the body's defense force,, such as by surrounding and swallowing harmful bacteria (phagocytes) or producing antibodies to fight infections.
What is the "fight or flight" system called?
The sympathetic nervous system.
What is the main function of the capillaries in the circulatory system
Capillaries allow oxygen and food to move from the blood to cells, while carbon dioxide moves from cells to blood.
Which organ produces bile and breaks down fat?
The Liver.
What are the key differences between lytic and lysogenic bacteriophages?
Lytic phages infect the host cell, replicate immediately, and lyse (destroy) the cell to release new virions. Lysogenic phages incorporate their DNA into the host genome (becoming a prophage) and replicate along with the host without killing it immediately.
What is the primary function of the adaptive immune system
It identifies specific pathogens and creates immunological memory, allowing for a faster, stronger response upon re-exposure.
What are the three main components of a neuron?
The cell body (soma), dendrites, and the axon.
What are the main components of the skeletal system?
Bones and cartilage.
Which lymphoid organ filters blood and serves as a reservoir for red blood cells?
The Spleen.
What is a Multipartite virus?
A hybrid virus that infects both the boot record (system area) and program files, making it highly destructive and difficult to repair.
Why is it more advantageous for vertebrates to evolve an adaptive immune system rather than relying solely on an innate system?
The adaptive immune system is more energy and information-efficient, allowing for specific, highly tailored responses to a vast, evolving array of new pathogens, rather than needing to evolve new, innate, fixed-response genes for every threat.
What is the function of the myelinating glia of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)?
Oligodendrocytes.