Cardiovascular System
This chamber pumps deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary artery toward the lungs.
Right ventricle
These microscopic air sacs are the primary location of oxygen and carbon-dioxide exchange in the lungs.
Alveoli
The brain and spinal cord together make up this division of the nervous system.
Central nervous system—CNS
This abdominal gland produces insulin and glucagon and also releases digestive enzymes.
Pancreas
This large abdominal organ produces bile, stores energy, processes nutrients, and helps detoxify the blood.
Liver
This group of bones surrounds and protects the brain.
Cranium or Skull
These blood vessels carry blood away from the heart, regardless of its oxygen content.
Arteries
This dome-shaped muscle separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities and is the primary muscle of breathing.
Diaphragm
This portion of the brainstem helps regulate breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, and protective airway reflexes.
Medulla oblongata
This hormone lowers blood glucose by promoting the movement and storage of glucose in body tissues.
Insulin
This small organ beneath the liver stores and concentrates bile before releasing it into the small intestine.
Gallbladder
The location where two or more bones meet is called this.
Joint
Heart rate multiplied by stroke volume produces this measurement of blood pumped each minute.
Cardiac output
The mechanical movement of air into and out of the lungs is called this.
Ventilation
This specialized cell receives and transmits electrical and chemical signals throughout the nervous system.
Neuron
This hormone raises blood glucose by stimulating the liver to release stored glucose.
Glucagon
These paired retroperitoneal organs filter blood and help regulate fluid volume, electrolytes, waste products, and acid–base balance.
Kidneys
This tough connective tissue attaches skeletal muscle to bone.
Tendon
During this phase of the cardiac cycle, the ventricles relax and fill with blood.
Diastole
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and pulmonary capillary blood is called this.
External respiration
An inadequate supply of blood and oxygen to brain tissue is called this.
Cerebral ischemia
The body’s ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment is called this.
Homeostasis
This membrane lines the abdominal cavity and covers many of the abdominal organs.
Peritoneum
The skin, hair, nails, and associated glands make up this body system.
Integumentary system
An inadequate supply of oxygenated blood to the heart muscle is called this.
Myocardial ischemia
Reversible bronchoconstriction, airway inflammation, and mucus production characterize this respiratory disease.
Asthma
A temporary episode of focal neurologic dysfunction caused by ischemia without acute brain infarction is called this.
Transient ischemic attack—TIA
An abnormally low blood-glucose level that may cause sweating, confusion, weakness, seizures, or unconsciousness is called this.
Hypoglycemia
Inflammation of a small structure attached to the large intestine commonly produces pain that eventually localizes to the right lower quadrant.
Appendicitis
A partial or complete break in the continuity of a bone is called this.
Fracture
When the left ventricle cannot pump effectively, blood backs up into the pulmonary circulation and may produce this condition.
Pulmonary edema from left-sided heart failure
Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are the two major disease processes associated with this chronic airflow-limiting condition.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease—COPD
An artery supplying the brain becomes blocked by a thrombus or embolus, producing this neurologic emergency.
Ischemic stroke
Inadequate insulin production or ineffective insulin action resulting in persistent hyperglycemia characterizes this disease.
Diabetes mellitus
The backward flow of stomach contents into the esophagus causes this condition.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease—GERD
Rapid skeletal-muscle breakdown releases myoglobin and other cellular contents that may damage the kidneys in this condition.
Rhabdomyolysis
A disturbance in the heart’s electrical conduction that produces an abnormal rate or rhythm is called this.
Dysrhythmia or arrhythmia
Infection and inflammation cause fluid, mucus, or cellular debris to collect within the alveoli in this disease.
Pneumonia
A ruptured cerebral blood vessel causes bleeding into or around the brain in this type of stroke.
Hemorrhagic stroke
When insufficient insulin forces the body to metabolize fat, ketones accumulate and produce this metabolic emergency.
Diabetic ketoacidosis—DKA
Severe upper abdominal pain that may radiate to the back, accompanied by nausea and vomiting, may indicate inflammation of this organ.
Pancreatitis
Redness, warmth, swelling, pain, and reduced function are characteristic findings of this protective tissue response.
Inflammation
Substernal pressure, diaphoresis, nausea, and pain radiating to the arm or jaw may result from the death of heart muscle caused by coronary artery occlusion.
Acute myocardial infarction
Crackles, orthopnea, severe dyspnea, and possibly pink frothy sputum may result when fluid collects in the lungs because of left-sided heart failure.
Cardiogenic pulmonary edema
A sudden episode of excessive, abnormal electrical activity within the brain produces this event.
Seizure
Profound hyperglycemia, severe dehydration, and hyperosmolarity with little or no significant ketoacidosis characterize this emergency.
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state—HHS
Hematemesis, coffee-ground emesis, melena, or hematochezia may indicate this potentially serious condition.
Gastrointestinal bleeding
A rapid, severe systemic allergic reaction involving airway, breathing, or circulatory compromise is called this.
Anaphylaxis
Sudden severe chest or back pain described as tearing, sometimes accompanied by unequal pulses, suggests this vascular emergency.
Aortic dissection
Sudden pleuritic chest pain, dyspnea, and decreased or absent unilateral breath sounds may indicate this condition.
Pneumothorax
Fever, severe headache, neck stiffness, photophobia, vomiting, and altered mental status may indicate inflammation of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.
Meningitis
Severe fever, tachycardia, agitation, tremors, vomiting, and altered mental status caused by extreme excess thyroid activity suggest this condition.
Thyroid storm
Sudden severe flank pain that may radiate toward the groin is commonly produced by this urinary condition.
Renal calculus (Kidney Stone) causing renal colic (Severe Flank Pain)
Life-threatening organ dysfunction resulting from an extreme or dysregulated response to infection is called this.
Sepsis
Following a large myocardial infarction, a patient develops hypotension, weak pulses, cool clammy skin, and respiratory distress because the heart cannot maintain cardiac output.
Cardiogenic shock
Severe respiratory distress, hypotension, unilateral absent breath sounds, and obstructive shock caused by increasing pressure in the pleural space indicate this emergency.
Tension pneumothorax
Bradycardia, widening pulse pressure, and irregular respirations form a late neurologic pattern associated with this condition.
Cushing triad from increased intracranial pressure
Weakness, abdominal symptoms, dehydration, altered mental status, and severe hypotension caused by an acute shortage of adrenal hormones indicate this emergency.
Adrenal crisis
A patient with renal failure develops hypertension, peripheral edema, crackles, and respiratory distress because the kidneys cannot eliminate excess fluid.
Fluid overload from renal failure
Widespread vasodilation, capillary leakage, hypotension, and inadequate tissue perfusion caused by severe infection describe this form of distributive shock.
Septic shock