What?
evolution of flowering plants
1. Vascular plants
2. Seeds
3. Flowers
Plant domestication
Mutualism that develops between humans and a target plant. Has strong selective advantages for both partners
Cultivar name
variation within cultivated plants (seedless watermelon)
Cross pollination
Pollination of a stigma by pollen from different flower on different plant
Selection plant manipulation
Humans intentionally select plants with desirable traits and breed them
Coevolution of Angiosperm with pollinators example
Bat pollinating with agaves
Domestication syndrome + examples
the set of characters that distinguishes the crop plant from its wild ancestors.
Examples: synchronous ripening, size of usable part, loss of seed dormancy, elimination or reduction of seed shattering, loss or reduction in seed dispersal aids, and more compact growth habits
Resources for identifying plants
Identification key, field guides, dichotomous keys, herbarium specimens
Hybridization
Crossing two genetically different parent plants to create a new variety
Asexual reproduction manipulation
such as grafting, layering, or cutting to induce the natural reproduction
Nicoli Vavilov is
known for identifying centers of origin of cultivated plants
starved :(
2 types of source evidence that are used for the investigation of origins of agriculture.
Physical evidence- tools, human remains, cooking utensils, plant remains
Temporal evidence- tree rings, isotope dating, stratigraphy
Sexual reproduction (in plants ya nasty)
pollen from one plant is transferred from anther (thing with pollen) to a stigma( part of the pistil in the flower)
Polyploidization
organism acquires one or more extra complete sets of chromosomes
Polyploidy plant manipulation
the artificial induction of a higher number of chromosome sets to improve crop traits
Lysenko is
Discovered vernalization (induction of early flowering in biennial crops through use of cold treatment)
How to name a plant
Genus +specific epithet
Asexual reproduction
Vegetative reproduction- fragmentation of existing material to create physiological independent 'ramets'(clones)
Apomixis- seeds are formed asexually without fertilization
Hybrid vigor (heterosis) is
Hybrid offspring has enhanced characteristics relative to either parent species
Ethnobotany
the scientific study of past human uses of plants or present-day uses by traditional societies
origins of agriculture
Mesoamerica, Southeast Asia, Lowland and Highland regions of South America
Linnaeus is
came up with the binomial nomenclature system for naming plants. based his plant taxonomy on number and arrangment of reproductive organs
Self pollination
Pollination of a stigma by pollen from same flower or another flower on the same plant
Benefits of hybrid vigor
plants can be resistant to disease, increase yield, enhanced growth rate, greater stress tolerance, greater overall health
Economic botany
the use of plants by modern industrialized societies