All about that anxiety
they interact with GABAA receptors via an unknown binding site and suppress the activity of GABAA; cons -> sedation, tolerance/withdrawl, addiction/abuse
MRI studies show abnormally rapid growth until ___ - ___ years of age then ___ growth than brains of unaffected children
2-3; slower
________ = group of hormones of adrenal cortex, important in protein + carbohydrate metabolism; these are secreted especially in times of stress
Glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisol)
How does immediate reinforcement vs. delayed reinforcement differ in its effectiveness for kiddos w ASD and kiddos without
Immediate reinforcement is even more effecctive for kids w adhd and even slightly delayed reinforcement looses its potency in kiddos with ASD
What are some health effects of long-term stress?
increased blood pressure, damage to muscle tissue, steroid-induced diabetes, infertility, inhibition of growth, inhibition of inflammatory responses + suppression of immune system
____ and _____ are most effective for combatting anxiety
SSRIs and CBT
Hollander + co found that the volume of the ____ caudate nucleus was _____ correlated with ratings of repetitive bx in patients w ASD
right; positively
What does the corticotropin-releasing hormone do?
stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete ATCH -> enters general circulation + stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids
what are some possible causes of ADHD
damage to prefrontal cortex (can cause adhd like sxs); also abnormalities in a network of brian regions that involve the striatum
Severe stress appears to cause ___ ____ in humans
brain damage
- brain damage in CT scans of people subjected to torture
What's the most effective treatment for OCD? What's the most destructive?
serotonin agonists (such as clomipramine) -> these help to produce more serotonin
Cingulotomy is most destructive but is a possible treatment fro severe cases of OCD
____ lobe is particularly affected in ASD
frontal
______ serves as a neuromodulator/neurotransmitters especially in regions of the limbic system that are involved in emotional responses
CRH also corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)
What is CA1 in the hippocampal formation connected to?
subiculum (and CA2)
CA1; hippocampal formation
There's a _____ supply of neurotransmitters, especially _____ in all anxiety disorders, but specifically ____
lower, serotonin, OCD
Are individ w ASD susceptible to the yawning contagion? why or why not?
no; decreased activity in mirror neuron system
What are the most common treatments for PTSD?
CNT, group therapy, SNRIs
Bone Marrow; Thymus gland
On structural and functional MRI for anxety disorders there are ________ in basal ___, ____ _____, cingulate ____.
increases, ganglia; frontal cortex, gyrus
What area of the brain is located on the region of visual association cortex on the base of the brain and involved in the recognition of individual faces? There is _____ activity here in ASD.
Fusiform face area (FFA); decreased
When stressed, blood glucocorticoid was ___ times the normal level, this short-term stress affected the functioning of animals ______
5; hippocampus
clinical sx report (self, parent/informant, teacher, symptom onset)
continous perfromance tests (Conners CPT)
working memory/EF tasks (digit span, arithmetic/stroop, tower test, Wisconsin card sorting task)
Behavioral observations (very important)
What are cytokines ?
chemicals released by certain white blood cells when they detect presence of invading microorganism, cause WBC's to proliferate + direct attack on invaders
*Causes other white blood cells to proliferate and mount attack against invader
*glucocorticoids suppress specific immune responses by interfering w messages conveyed by cytokines