Review
Cells that should normally be destined to die resist death and survive. This is an interference with apoptosis
What is resisting cell death?
A cancer-inducing gene that can transform cells
What is an oncogene?
Oncogene or tumor suppressor gene?
What acts as the "breaks" in cell division
What is a tumor suppressor gene?
Why is a blood supply important to a tumor
What is to supply nutrients and oxygen for growth?
True or False: p53 does not have the ability to induce apoptosis?
False
The ability to activate invasion and metastasis allows tumor cells to move to a new site in the body
What is activating invasion and immortality?
A condition in which the body or region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply
What is hypoxia?
Transversion mutations or point/transition mutations?
When unlike bases are substituted from one another
What is transversion mutations?
Name two ways how stem cells minimize mutations
1.) They make up a small portion of each tissue
2.) Rarely divide
3.) Do not conduct most of the work
Present in 1/3 of all cases of cancer:
1.) K-ras
2.) Mutant K-ras
3.) Mutant p53
4.) Mutant EGFR
5.) Over-expressed EGFR
What is 2.) Mutant K-ras
Name two emerging hallmarks of cancer.
1.) Genome Instability and Mutation
2.) Tumor-Promoting Inflammation
Molecules, cells, tissues, and organs which can provide both non-specific and specific protection against non-self-entities
What is the immune system
Familial, sporadic, or hereditary Cancer?
Majority of cancer patients (85%) Risk factors: Age, Exposure to environmental carcinogens
What is sporadic cancer?
Name 3 ways how cells can fix damaged DNA.
1.) DNA repair enzymes
2.) Repairing DNA adducts
3.) Error-prone repair mechanisms
4.) Non-homologous end joining
5.) Homologous recombination
Describe chronic lymphocytic leukemia
What is the malignancy of slow growing, mature lymphocytes (B cells) that can be found in circulation?
True or False: Cancers can be the result after contracting an infection?
True
"BLANK" may be recommended for people who have had certain cancers or certain patterns of cancer in their family
What is genetic counseling/counselor?
Adaptive immunity or innate immunity?
Only seen in vertebrates, directed towards specific epitopes, slow response time, highly specific, has memory
What is adaptive immunity?
Pick and explain one way how cellular genomes are under attack
1.)Polymerase Error: Enzymes are highly efficient but still cause errors
2.)Spontaneous base-switching: Previously incorporated bases can lose/gain chemical functional groups and change genetic information
3.) Exogenous and endogenous mutagenic agents: Metabolism products, reactive oxygen species, chemicals, UV or X- rays
What are 3 innate immunity characteristics?
1.) “primitive”
2.) directed towards types of molecules
3.) fast response
4.) non-specific
5.) no memory
"BLANK" can cause mutations, including point mutations and chromosomal rearrangements. Some people have a genetic predisposition to cancer, due to an inherited mutation
What is genome instability and mutation ?
A state where cells acquire more chromosomes than their normal diploid self
What is a polyploid?
Preventative (prophylactic) vaccines or treatment (therapeutic) vaccines?
Made to get the immune system to mount an attack against already existing cancer cells
What is treatment (therapeutic) vaccines?
How does the tumor microenvironment affect the immune system
What is the tumor microenvironment exhaust the immune system to hurt the opposition?
What is the standard used to identify required conditions of potential HNPCC
What is the Amsterdam criteria?