???
Misc
Define
What...
Treatments
100
Why are vertebral arteries so fragile?
VERY curvy = more prone to backflow & plaque buildup (thrombus)
& extreme movements can easily tear artery walls and cause bleeds
100
Symptoms of aneurysm
usually none, or hard to tell that they are specifically related to an aneurysm and not just a simple headache, dizziness, etc.
100
Thunderclap headache
feels small/slight pain then BOOM its the worst pain of your life --> minutes to death
^ true for all hemorrhages, regardless of where they occur
100
What is an aneurysm?
ballooning of a blood vessel; weakened artery wall
- if it bursts --> hemorrhagic stroke
100
Drug used to treat stroke?
tPA: naturally breaks down blood clots --> works for ISCHEMIC STROKES ONLY
- critical 3 hour time period, if its too far past that time you could enhance/bring on a hemorrhagic stroke
- after a while vessel walls are also weak due to lack of oxygen, could cause potential aneurysms to burst --> hemorrhagic stroke
200
Venous thrombosis
blood clot that forms within a vein (as opposed to an artery)
- disrupts proper drainage from brain --> heart
- causes BACKUP/WASTE BUILD UP
- deficits in oxygen delivery
- FATAL!!
200
Berry aneurysm
aneurysm at anterior communicating/branching artery (artery between both anterior arteries) --> if it bursts is basically 100% fatal
- bloodflow here is DIRECTLY TIED TO BRAINSTEM --> affects heart rate & breathing & rapid onset of pain (thunderclap headache)
200
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
in subarachnoid space where CSF flows; not as severe --> cognitive changes & development of hydrocephalus until blood can be properly cleaned out
- could occur around base of brain = berry aneurysm --> fatal
200
What is a hemorrhage?
bleeding, loss of blood from a circulatory system
200
At home treatment for stroke
- early identification --> ACT F.A.S.T.
F: face; is one side of the face more droopy than the other
A: arms; is one arm weaker than the other (lack of control of motor movement)
S: speech; is their speech intact; ask them to repeat a simple sentence
T: time; call 911 as soon as possible
300
What causes venous thrombosis?
- can follow trauma
- can be due to blood disorder
300
Venous drainage system
- usually follow same pattern as arteries
*SPECIAL VENOUS DRAINAGE*: venous sinus carry DE-OXYGENATED BLOOD AWAY FROM BRAIN & back to the heart
- created by dura (splitting of periosteal dura & meningeal dura)
300
Intraventricular hemorrhage
vessels lining ventricular walls burst & BLEED INTO CSF --> not as severe; cognitive changes/slowing; can recover just takes a long time for body to go through proper reabsorption
- IF CLOTS OCCUR, it can lead to HYDROCEPHALUS bc its within ventricular system
- swelling
- brain tissue is intact bc it affected ventricles not cerebrum
300
What is a hemorrhagic stroke?
high pressure bleeding into the brain from the bursting of an aneurysm
- weakened, ballooned artery ruptures & shoots out high pressure blood into brain tissue (only have a matter of minutes before it is fatal)
- occur mainly at branching points bc the blood bounces & weakens walls
300
Short term treatment for stroke
intraventricular shunt: similar to shunt used for hydrocephalus; placed into lateral ventricle & drain blood into external collection bag
400
What are bridging veins?
small/delicate veins that bridge the subarachnoid space & CONNECT SAGGITAL SINUS TO CORTICAL TISSUE!!
- saggital sinus sits within the 2 layers of the dura mater; bridging veins go from cortical tissue/brain & bridge through dura mater to drain fluids into venous sinus (the reuptake region of the brain)
^ notice in picture how bridging veins go through dura
400
Developmental arteriovenous malformation (AVM)
tangle of abnormal blood vessels connecting ARTERIES & veins in the brain
- blocks/disrupts proper oxygenated blood from traveling to the brain (affects/tangles/improper branching to capillary beds --> affects oxygen exchange)
- increased risk of bleeding (due to immediate change from high pressure artery --> low pressure vein)
400
Intracerebral hemorrhage
bursting of smaller vessel deep in cerebrum; MAJOR DAMAGE --> high blood pressure causes major tissue damage
- below pia mater bc its within cerebrum
- shifts brain structure & nearby ventricles
- swelling
400
What are venous malformations?
unusual formations of the veins/veins & arteries that cause problems with blood flow to/away from brain; congenital vascular anomalies
- BRUISING/LOCALIZED BLEEDING
^ if this occurred in your leg it wouldn't be a big deal -->
IF THIS OCCURS IN YOUR BRAIN --> bleeding in brain is always problematic; especially if it involves arteries
400
Surgical treatment for ischemic stroke
insert catheter into artery & pulls out clots but also prevents emboli from breaking off & traveling throughout arteries
500
What happens to bridging veins when there is low CSF pressure?
the brain relies on a normal CSF pressure in the brain to properly float within the fluid
if CSF pressure is low: brain cannot comfortably float inside the CSF so it SAGS & PULLS ON BRIDGING VEINS --> headaches!!
500
Why are there less risks associated with venous blood flow than arterial blood flow?
venous bloodflow brings blood AWAY from brain; meaning the brain is not reliant on receiving blood from venous flow system; there will just be backup which can resolve over time & is less fatal
500
Arterial flow vs. Venous flow
- Arterial flow: like arteries, brings blood TO BRAIN & away from heart
- Venous flow: brings blood AWAY FROM BRAIN & to heart; drainage system of the brain (sinuses!!)
500
What happens at the capillary level between arteries & veins?
oxygen exchange, CO2 is taken out & O2 is put into the cell then transported through venuoles to the veins
500
Surgical treatment for hemorrhagic stroke
1) clip a ruptured aneurysm so the vessel wall will scar down & not bleed anymore
2) non-invasively insert a coil to PROMOTE CLOTTING so vessel wall doesn't burst & bleed out