Memory
This person suffered from sever epilepsy, but got his medial temporal lobes removed, including most of his hippocampi. Post surgery, he suffered from anterograde amnesia
Henry Molaison
this is the ability of synapses to remodel themselves
synaptic plasticity
According to Paul Ekman, what are the 6 basic emotions?
Anger, fear, surprise, disgust, joy, sadness
this area of the brain is on the underside of the temporal lobe. It is responsible for recognizing faces. Damage to this causes "face blindness" or prosopagnosia
Fusiform Face Area (FFA)
this signaling molecule is secreted from mesodermal tissue beneath the developing spinal cord; it causes adjacent nerve cells to become specialized (whether glia, interneuron, or motor neuron
Sonic hedgehog
This kind of memory involves facts, data, and events. These memories are stored in the frontal lobe. It is called so because you can consciously recall it and the information can be described
This process increases glutamate receptors of the postsynaptic neuron, and boosts concentration of calcium inside the postsynaptic neurons. It strengthens connections between neurons
LTP (long term potentiation)
this strucutre of the brain interprets fear, distinguishes friends from foes, identifies social rewards, and plays a role in classical conditoning
Amygdala
this brain area of the fusiform gyrus (underside of temporal and occipital lobe) recognizes written letters and words
Visual Word Form Area (VWFA)
Adult neurogenesis occurs in what areas of the brain?
Dendate gyrus and olfacotory bulbs
What are the two kinds of declarative memory?
Episodic and Semantic
For ionotropic glutamate receptors NMDA and AMPA, which ions do they let into the cell?
NMDA: calcium ions into the cell
AMPA: sodium ions into the cell
this brain structure is located in the midbrain and is responsible for pain perception. It contains receptors for pain-reducing compounds such as morphine and oxycodone.
Periaqueductal gray
this gene codes for a protein that switches other genes on and off. Its mutation causes problems in mouth and jaw movement in sequences to produce speech, and therefore difficulty with spoken and written language. The mutation in this gene may also disrupt song development in young birds
FOXP2
90% of migration of neurons is controlled by these cells. They project from intermediate zone to the cortex, and act as scaffolding for the neurons to move along
Radial glia
this kind of memory includes motor skills. Henry Molaison (H.M.) did not lose this
Nondeclarative/Implicit/Procedural Memory
What enzyme does LTP and LTD activate (two separate answers)?
LTP activates kinase proteins
LTD activates phosphatases
What is the beginning structure and end structure of the Mesolimbic Pathway (processing of rewards and motivation)
Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) --> Nucleus Accumbens
This is one of the last regions of the brain to develop. It controls executive function, which includes inhibition, working memory, and shifting
Prefrontal Cortex (PFC)
these are tips of axons that explore the environment and seek out destinations
growth cones
Grid cells responsible for spatial memory represent coordinates in space and are found here in the brain
Entorhinal cortex (parahippocampal gyrus)
This molecule acts in the nucleus of a neuron to switch on genes which direct protein synthesis so more neurotrophins are made and the synapse grows (final result of LTP)
CREB
this brain structure encodes punishment by inhibiting dopamine release; its dysfunction has been shown to lead to inappropriate aggression
Lateral habenula
this is part of the PFC behind the eyes. Its important in decision making and reward/punishment situations
Orbitofrontal cortex
The amount of neurons from development that make it to adulthood (may be given as a percent, fraction, etc.)
Half