Social Hierarchy & Causes (Latin America)
Who were the people born in Spain who held the highest government and church offices in the Latin American colonies?
The Peninsulares.
Who was known as "The Liberator" and helped free Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador from Spanish rule?
Simón Bolívar
What was the name of the era in which Japan modernized and industrialized to become the most powerful state in Asia
The Meiji Restoration (or Meiji era)
Why did the British continue to sell Opium in China even after the Chinese government tried to ban it because it was addictive?
They wanted to make a profit (or they wanted the money)
Which social group replaced the Peninsulares at the top of the social hierarchy after Latin American independence?
The Creoles
Which wealthy group was of European descent but born in the colonies and excluded from the highest positions of power?
The Creoles.
Which leader was a formerly enslaved man who led the first successful slave revolt in world history in Haiti?
Toussaint Louverture
Japan’s victory in which 1904-1905 war marked the first time an Asian nation defeated a Western power?
The Russo-Japanese War
What was the name of the 1900 rebellion led by a secret society that wanted to rid China of foreign influence?
he Boxer Rebellion
What was the term for the military strongmen who rose to power in Latin America because of the lack of stable, unified governments?
Caudillos
What major event in Europe in 1808 served as the catalyst for Latin American independence movements by creating a "legitimacy crisis"?
Napoleon’s invasion of Spain (which removed the King).
Which priest issued the "Grito de Dolores" in 1810 to start the Mexican independence movement?
Miguel Hidalgo
What territory did Japan gain after defeating the Chinese army and navy in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95?
Taiwan
What were "spheres of influence" in China
Areas where a specific foreign power had the exclusive right to trade
After China's defeat in the Opium Wars, what was the major "message" sent to the rest of the world about the Chinese Empire?
It sent a message of Chinese weakness, which led to increased foreign pressure and expanded Western influence
Why did the success of the Haitian Revolution create a "paradox" (a logical contradiction) for Creole leaders who claimed to be fighting for Enlightenment ideas of "liberty and equality"?
They wanted liberty from Spain but were terrified that the lower classes would rise up and take their land and wealth
Simón Bolívar successfully formed Gran Colombia, but why was his dream of a unified South America considered a failure by 1830?
The union fractured due to political differences and deep regional divisions
How did Japan’s reasons for expanding into Korea and Taiwan reflect the specific goals they learned from Western imperialists?
They sought to gain wealth, raw materials, and cheap labor to fuel their own modernization and power
How did the "Open Door" policy established by the Treaty of Nanking signify the end of a major era in Chinese history?
It forced China to open its ports to all countries, effectively ending centuries of traditional Chinese isolation
While many Latin American nations faced violent wars and the rise of military strongmen, what two factors made Brazil’s outcome unique according to the sources?
The independence process was relatively peaceful and the country became an empire under Prince Pedro
How did the "Mask of Ferdinand" allow Creoles to gain power?
They used local juntas (councils) to rule in the King's name as a first step toward independence while Spain was in chaos
Why was José María Morelos’s platform considered more "radical" for the social order than other leaders?
He wanted to abolish slavery and redistribute land, which directly threatened the wealth and status of the elite class
How did rising Japanese nationalism during the Meiji era change the way the country was treated by Western powers?
It drove the country to gain enough power and respect through modernization to finally end unequal trade treaties and extraterritorial rights
Even though China was still technically an independent country, how did "spheres of influence" take away its sovereignty (its right to have total control over its own laws and territory)?
Foreigners followed their own laws instead of China's, and foreign powers took control of the country's trade and resources
Why do the sources conclude that the Latin American revolutions resulted in "political independence" but failed to achieve "social equality"?
Because while they were free from Spanish rule, the Creoles kept the existing power structure in place, meaning very little changed for Indigenous and African populations