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Anatomy of the thorax!
Mediastinum!
Mechanism of breathing 1!
Mechanism of breathing 2!
Random!
100
What is the superior border of the thorax and what does it consist of?
Superior thoracic aperture/ thoracic inlet. Consists of T1, the first rib and its articulation with the manubrium.
100
What are the borders surrounding and within the mediastinum? What are the sections of mediastinum?
Superior- thoracic inlet, inferior- diaphragm, anterior, parietal pleura, posterior- vertebral column, between superior and inferior- sternal angle and T4/5, around middle- pericardium. Sections are superior, anterior, middle and posterior.
100
What is atmospheric pressure?
760 mmHg
100
How does the diaphragm facilitate inspiration?
By contracting and creating negative pressure in the lungs
100
Name the lobes and fissures of the left lung
Superior and inferior lobe, oblique fissure. Extra mark for lingula
200
What are the three layers of intercostal muscles and between which two is the neurovascular bundle located?
External, internal and innermost. Neurovascular bundle is located between internal and innermost.
200
What are the contents of the anterior mediastinum?
Thymus
200
What is the pressure in a resting lung?
760 mmHg
200
How does the diaphragm facilitate expiration
It doesn't (could say relaxing). Expiration is passive.
200
Name the lobes and fissures of the right lung?
Superior, middle and inferior lobes, oblique and horizontal fissures.
300
How many ribs are there and what are their classifications?
12 ribs. 1-7 true, 8-10 false, 11-12 floating.
300
What are the contents of the middle mediastinum?
Heart and pericardium
300
What are the primary muscles used in breathing?
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles
300
What is the purpose of the costodiaphragmatic recess?
To allow expansion of the lungs
300
What is the purpose of the fluid between the two layers of pleura?
To reduce friction when the lung is expanding. To prevent the separation of the two layers. Allows the lung volume to change with the changing volume of the thoracic cavity.
400
What is the layer of fascia that exists between the innermost intercostal muscle and the parietal pleura?
Endothoracic fascia
400
What are the contents of the posterior mediastinum?
Oesophagus, vagus nerve, azygous vein, hemiazygous vein, accessory hemiazygous vein, thoracic duct.
400
What are the accessory muscles used in breathing?
Transverse thoracis, subcostalis, scalenus anterior, serratus muscles (three)
400
What type of movements do the sternum and ribs go through during inspiration?
Pump handle and bucket handle respectively.
400
What is the positional relationship between the pulminary arteries and the bronchi in the hilum of both lungs?
Right lung- arteries anterior to bronchi Left lung- arteries superior to bronchi
500
Where does each portion of the neurovascular bundle originate?
Arteries from the descending thoracic aorta and internal thoracic artery. Nerves from the spinal cord. RIGHT- 1 to SVC, 2-4 to right superior intercostal vein, 5-12 to azygous vein. LEFT- 1 to left brachiocephalic vein, 2-4 left superior intercostal vein, 5-8 accessory hemiazygous, 9-12 hemiazygous.
500
What are the contents of the superior mediastinum?
Phrenic nerve, vagus nerve, thyroid, left recurrent laryngeal nerve, brachiocephalic veins, arch of aorta, thoracic duct, oesophagus
500
What do the respiratory and conducting zones consist of and what are their functions?
Respiratory zone- Bronchioles, alveolar ducts, avleoli Function- Gas exchange Conducting zone- nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchial tree Function- Humidification, warming/cooling, mechanical cleaning
500
Which of the ribs articulation allows for the movement necessary for inspiration?
Costovertebral joint
500
What is the layer of fascia located between the innermost intercostal muscle and parietal pleura called?
Endothoracic fascia