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Components of Contraction
Fiber Types
Coverings and Layers
Sliding Filament Theory
Anything
100
What is ATP?
A high energy molecule.
100
What are the fiber types?
Slow oxidative, fast glycolytic, fast oxidative
100
The surface of skin is called _______ and the inner layers are called _______.
Superficial, deep
100
What binds to the active site?
Myosin heads
100
What are 3 functions of skeletal muscles?
1. Movement (Leverage) 2. Thermoregulation 3. Protection of organs/insulation 4. Structure
200
What are the two proteins needed for muscle contraction?
Actin and myosin
200
What type of activities use slow oxidative fibers?
Endurance activities and exercise with high reps
200
Myofibrils contain ________ and ________ filaments.
Actin, myosin
200
The cross-bridge movement stage is where ______ is broken down into _______ and ______, which releases energy and allows myosin heads to bind to the active site.
ATP, ADP, Pi (Organic Phosphate)
200
What are the four muscle types and give a definition of each.
1. Parallel- Straight 2. Convergent- Large 3. Pennate- Small 4. Sphincter- Circular muscles guarding an opening
300
What is the difference between actin and myosin?
Actin are thin filaments and myosin are thick with heads or bulbs.
300
Which fiber type works anaerobically and describe the anaerobic action.
Fast glycolytic. It gives quick bursts and explosive strength, which is used when exercising with increased weights.
300
Name all coverings and layers. (No particular order)
Epimysium, perimysium, endomysium, body, fascicle, fiber, myofibril
300
What happens during the power stroke?
The myosin heads move towards the center of the sarcomere.
300
What are the definitions of agonist and antagonist?
An agonist is a prime mover and performs the majority of the muscle function. An antagonist is a muscle that counteracts the agonist, working to provide the opposite action.
400
What are all the components of contraction?
Myofibrils, calcium, ATP, and a neuromuscular junction
400
Fast oxidative muscle fibers increase the levels of _______ and ______.
Oxygen, ATP
400
List the muscle coverings in order from the outside of a muscle body in and describe.
1. epimysium- Covers muscle body 2. perimysium- Covers muscle fascicle 3. endomysium- Covers muscle fiber
400
What happens during the active site exposure stage?
Calcium enters the sarcomere and binds to troponin. Troponin/tropomyosin changes shape and moves aside, exposing the active site on the actin filament.
400
What is acetylcholine (neurotransmitter) responsible for?
It allows muscle contractions to take place.
500
What is the neuromuscular junction?
The area where the synapse of a nerve meets the muscle fiber.
500
What is the contraction rate of each muscle fiber type?
1. Slow oxidative has a contraction rate of 100 milliseconds. 2. Fast glycolytic has a contraction rate of 25 milliseconds. 3. Fast oxidative has a contraction rate of 50 milliseconds.
500
List the layers in order from largest to smallest and describe.
1. Body- Largest section of muscle 2. Fascicle- Group of fibers 3. Fibers- Group of myofibrils 4. Myofibrils- Smallest fiber of muscle
500
List the parts of the sarcomere.
Z disk, thin actin filament, thick myosin filament, M line, titin filament, and Z line
500
What is muscle fatigue? Explain in detail.
1. Nerve stimulation still occurs even when ATP and calcium sources are depleted. 2. Inadequate oxygen supply causes cramping. 3. Lactic acid is broken down within an hour, becoming carbon dioxide, water, glucose, or stored as glycogen.