Basics
According to Waltz and Bausell, research is a process employed to gain solutions to problems or discover and interpret new facts and relationships. What kind of process is it described as? A) Casual, informal, gentle, and broad B) Systematic, formal, rigorous, and precise2 C) Quick, informal, flexible, and general D) Spontaneous, artistic, experimental, and theoretical
B. Systematic, formal, rigorous and precise
What two words comprise "Research"? A) "Re" and "discover" B) "Re" and "study" C) "Re" and "search"1 D) "Re" and "find"
c. Re and Search
For what type of data representation is a Pie Chart generally used? A) Data represented in time-series B) Data represented in percentage form (100%) C) Data with multiple independent variables D) Data requiring cause-and-effect relationships
B) Data represented in percentage form (100%)
What does SPSS stand for? A) Social Performance Statistical System B) Statistical Package for the Social Sciences C) Scientific Program for Statistical Studies D) System Processing Software Solutions
B) Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
According to the sources, which of the following is a key advantage of factorial designs? a) They always require a very small number of experiments. b) They prevent any possibility of experimental error or confounding variables. c) They are primarily used for descriptive studies. d) They allow many levels of analysis and are useful for judging links between variables as a preliminary study
d) They allow many levels of analysis and are useful for judging links between variables as a preliminary study
One of the prime objectives of research is to explore about the unknown. What does exploring allow researchers to develop? A) Opinions and assumptions B) Theories and explanations of how and why a phenomenon operates C) Biased conclusions D) Personal beliefs
B) Theories and explanations of how and why a phenomenon operates
Why are the outcomes of experimental research considered highly reliable? A) They are conducted in uncontrolled environments. B) They use qualitative measures only. C) The procedure is conducted in a controlled environment using quantitative measures and random assignments. D) They involve subjective interpretations.
C) The procedure is conducted in a controlled environment using quantitative measures and random assignments.
What is a defining property of a cubic graph? A) All vertices have a degree of two. B) All vertices have a degree of three. C) It is always perfectly symmetric. D) It can only be drawn in 2D.
B) All vertices have a degree of three.
Which Minitab window displays the statistical results of data analysis? A) Worksheet Window B) Project Window C) Session Window D) Graph Window
C) Session Window
In a 2x2 factorial design, if a statistically significant interaction is found between the two independent variables, what is the best approach to interpreting the results?
A. Focus only on the main effects
B. Ignore the interaction and interpret each variable separately
C. Analyze the simple effects within each level of the interacting variable
D. Average the effects across all conditions
C. Analyze the simple effects within each level of the interacting variable
In order to establish a cause-and-effect relationship in an experiment, what is the primary principle to prove? A) The effect happens first, then the cause. B) The cause and effect happen simultaneously. C) The cause happens first, and then the effect follows it. D) Neither cause nor effect can be determined.
c. The cause happens first, and then the effect follows it.
According to the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, which of the following is not a definition of "plagiarize"? A) To steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one’s own. B) To use (another’s production) without crediting the source. C) To present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source. D) To collaborate with others while giving full credit to all contributors.
D) To collaborate with others while giving full credit to all contributors.
A graph is known as a response surface plot if the fitted response functions (Y) are drawn as a function of what? A) Dependent variables B) Uncontrolled variables C) Independent variables D) Random variables
C) Independent variables
In factorial design, what is a "factor"? A) The outcome variable B) An assigned variable like concentration, temperature, or drug treatment C) A statistical calculation D) The final result of an experiment
B) An assigned variable like concentration, temperature, or drug treatment
In Response Surface Methodology (RSM), a circular contour plot around the center point usually indicates:
A. A saddle point
B. No curvature in the response
C. Maximum response
D. Minimum or maximum point depending on response direction
D. Minimum or maximum point depending on response direction
In experimental research design, the researcher selects two similar groups from the target population. What are these groups called? A) Treatment group and placebo group B) Control group and experimental group C) Independent group and dependent group D) Sample group and population group
B) Control group and experimental group
What type of plagiarism occurs when a researcher presents an entire text of others as his/her own? A) Direct plagiarism B) Mosaic plagiarism C) Complete plagiarism D) Accidental plagiarism
C) Complete plagiarism
What is described as "the most important and critical aspect of any research study"? A) Choosing the research topic B) Determining the appropriate sample size C) Selecting the publication journal D) Writing the acknowledgments
B) Determining the appropriate sample size
What is the main goal of Response Surface Methodology (RSM)?
A) To simply describe data B) To generate new theories C) To achieve response optimization D) To conduct historical analysis
C) To achieve response optimization
When interpreting a response surface, what does a ridge in the surface typically indicate?
A. The experiment has failed
B. Multiple optimal solutions
C. Lack of fit in the model
D. The presence of outliers
B. Multiple optimal solutions
What is a major advantage of experimental research design regarding causation? A) It explains events but doesn't determine cause. B) It describes the population but doesn't determine cause. C) It can identify the cause of a particular event. D) It only provides correlational data.
C) It can identify the cause of a particular event.
Which of the following is a characteristic of a Histogram? A) Data must be discrete. B) Bars have gaps between them. C) Bars are adjacent (no gaps) between them. D) Width of bars represents random values.
C) Bars are adjacent (no gaps) between them.
In hypothesis testing, what is defined as a Type I error? A) Failing to reject H₀ when it is true. B) Rejecting H₀ when it is in fact true. C) Failing to reject H₀ when it is false. D) Accepting H₁ when it is false.
B) Rejecting H₀ when it is in fact true.
What is an observation regarding the historical research design in terms of its impact on results? A) It is obtrusive, affecting the results. B) It requires direct interaction with subjects. C) The act of research does not affect the results of the study (it is unobtrusive). D) It manipulates past data to fit current contexts.
C) The act of research does not affect the results of the study (it is unobtrusive).
In a cohort study, a relative risk (RR) of 2.0 indicates:
A. The risk is doubled in the exposed group compared to the unexposed
B. There is no difference in risk between groups
C. The exposure is protective
D. The data is inconclusive
A. The risk is doubled in the exposed group compared to the unexposed