introduction to resaerch
The word "Research" is a combination of which two terms? a) "Re" and "discover" b) "Re" and "explore" c) "Re" and "search" d) "Re" and "analyze"
c) "Re" and "search"
What is the primary function of a graph in the presentation of statistical data? a) To list numerical data in an organized table. b) To solely display individual data points without comparison. c) To provide a visual form of presentation for statistical data, making comparisons between two or more phenomena easier. d) To describe the features of a phenomenon without any visual aid
c) To provide a visual form of presentation for statistical data, making comparisons between two or more phenomena easier.
What is the primary characteristic that defines a factorial design? a) It involves the study of only one variable at a time1. b) It exclusively uses qualitative data for analysis. c) It employs two or more variables (factors) and utilizes all possible combinations of their selected values in experiments1. d) It is primarily used for observational studies where no variables are manipulated.
c) It employs two or more variables (factors) and utilizes all possible combinations of their selected values in experiments
1.
Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is primarily described as a combination of which two types of methods? a) Observational and experimental methods b) Qualitative and quantitative techniques c) Mathematical and statistical methods d) Historical and analytical approaches
c) Mathematical and statistical methods
1.
According to the sources, plagiarism is defined as presenting someone else's work as one's own without what? a) Approval from an ethical committee. b) Proper acknowledgment or permission.12 c) A written research protocol. d) Statistical analysis to support the claim.
b) Proper acknowledgment or permission.
According to the general definition provided, what is the primary aim of research? a) To prove existing theories incorrect b) To identify new problems for future studies c) To add to the existing stock of knowledge for the betterment of the world d) To conduct experiments under strictly controlled conditions
c) To add to the existing stock of knowledge for the betterment of the world
Which of the following is a defining characteristic of a Histogram? a) It represents quantitative data in a circular shape divided into sectors. b) Its bars are adjacent, meaning there are no gaps between them, and data must be continuous. c) It is a diagram where all vertices have a degree of three. d) It plots constant 'z' slices on a 2-D format to represent a 3-D surface
b) Its bars are adjacent, meaning there are no gaps between them, and data must be continuous.
2.
In the context of a factorial design, what is referred to as a "factor"? a) The resulting change observed in the experiment's outcome2. b) An assigned variable that the experimenter incorporates, such as temperature, concentration, or drug treatment3. c) The final conclusion drawn from the research data. d) A statistical tool used for data visualization
b) An assigned variable that the experimenter incorporates, such as temperature, concentration, or drug treatment
2.
What is the main goal of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) in research? a) To explore unknown phenomena34 b) To describe the features of a phenomenon45 c) To achieve response optimization6 d) To predict future activities based on past data78
) To achieve response optimization
2.
What is a primary purpose of cohort studies in medical research? a) To artificially manipulate study factors to determine causal effects. b) To collect data about individuals at a single point in time. c) To determine the causes of disease and establish relationships between risk factors and health outcomes. d) To find the best dose of a new drug with minimum side effects.
c) To determine the causes of disease and establish relationships between risk factors and health outcomes.
Which of the following is NOT explicitly listed as a core objective of research in the sources? a) To Explore about Unknown b) To Describe the Features c) To Market New Products d) To Predict Future Activities
c) To Market New Products
A Pie Chart is generally most effective and used for displaying data in what specific format? a) As a series of rectangles with class intervals on the X-axis and frequencies on the Y-axis29. b) In percentage form (100%), where each slice's area represents the proportional value of its category . c) Where fitted response functions (Y) are drawn as a function of independent variables (X). d) To show cause-and-effect relationships between variables
b) In percentage form (100%), where each slice's area represents the proportional value of its category
What specific characteristic defines a "2^2 design" within factorial experiments? a) It signifies that the experiment has two independent variables and two dependent variables. b) It means the design can only be replicated twice. c) It indicates there are two factors, with each factor being investigated at two different levels. d) It refers to a design where only two experimental runs are conducted.
c) It indicates there are two factors, with each factor being investigated at two different levels
3.
Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is commonly used in which of the following areas? a) Developing legal precedents and policies [Not in sources] b) Forecasting weather patterns for the general public [Not in sources] c) Industrial areas for designing, formulating, and developing new products d) Analyzing ancient historical documents and artifacts1011
c) Industrial areas for designing, formulating, and developing new products
3.
In hypothesis testing, what is defined as a Type I error? a) Failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is false.5 b) Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is, in fact, true. c) Accepting the alternative hypothesis when the null hypothesis is true. d) Correctly rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false.
b) Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is, in fact, true.
Clifford Woody's definition of research encompasses a series of actions. Which set of actions best describes his definition? a) Observing phenomena, recording characteristic behavior, and conducting standardized tests6... b) Defining and redefining problems, formulating hypotheses, collecting, organizing, and evaluating data, making deductions, and reaching conclusions c) Discovering and interpreting new facts and relationships using systematic, formal, rigorous, and precise processes d) Applying existing theories and models to influence various facets of an environment
c) Discovering and interpreting new facts and relationships using systematic, formal, rigorous, and precise processes
4.
According to the sources, what is a specific property of a Cubic Graph? a) It is also known as a 2-regular graph27. b) It can only be drawn on paper or graph if the value of the intercepts of x and y are precisely symmetric14. c) Every connected cubic graph has an independent set of at least n/3 vertices, where n is the number of vertices in the graph214. d) It is generally used for solving immediate problems by developing motivation techniques
c) Every connected cubic graph has an independent set of at least n/3 vertices, where n is the number of vertices in the graph
4.
Which of the following is highlighted as a significant advantage of using a factorial design in research? a) It always eliminates the need for statistical analysis, simplifying the research process. b) It is less costly and time-consuming compared to other experimental designs. c) It allows researchers to investigate the individual effect of each independent variable (main effect) and also the combined or joint effects (interactions) among them.. d) It restricts the researcher's control over variables in the environment.
c) It allows researchers to investigate the individual effect of each independent variable (main effect) and also the combined or joint effects (interactions) among them
4.
A key objective of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is to gain better insight into the "topography of the response surface." What does this primarily involve looking for? a) The appropriate sample size and confidence intervals1213 b) The potential for plagiarism in research reports1415 c) The relationship between cause and effect in experimental groups16 d) Local maximum, local minimum, and ridgelines to find the most suitable response area17
c) The relationship between cause and effect in experimental groups1
4.
Which specific type of plagiarism is described as rephrasing someone else's texts and ideas without citation, where even if the words differ, the original idea and meaning remain the same? a) Direct plagiarism b) Mosaic plagiarism c) Complete plagiarism d) Paraphrasing plagiarism
d) Paraphrasing plagiarism
The research objective "To Influence Activities" primarily emphasizes what action by the researcher? a) Developing preliminary hypotheses and generalizations about unknown phenomena 4... b) Determining factors that cause change and identifying their effects on a phenomenon... c) Making forecasts based on cause-and-effect relationships in a phenomenon. d) Applying existing theories and models for influencing various facets of the environment
d) Applying existing theories and models for influencing various facets of the environment
The Contour Plot, which represents a 3-D surface by plotting constant 'z' slices on a 2-D format, is specifically highlighted as a specialized type of plot used in what advanced research application? a) Analyzing the relationship between blood pressure levels of smokers and non-smokers17. b) In the design of experiments, particularly for full and fractional factorial designs218. c) For confirming that research work is original and was conducted by the author19. d) To represent qualitative data that is classified into nominal or ordinal categories for customer experience design
b) In the design of experiments, particularly for full and fractional factorial designs
5.
According to the sources, what is a major disadvantage of a full experimental factorial design, especially as the number of factors increases? a) It makes the research outcomes less reliable and difficult to generalize6. b) It always requires a significantly smaller sample size, which can lead to under-powered studies6. c) It results in an exponential increase in the number of required experiments, making it difficult to experiment with many factors or levels d) It cannot be used to establish cause-and-effect relationships between variables6
c) It results in an exponential increase in the number of required experiments, making it difficult to experiment with many factors or levels
Which specific type of experimental design is considered the most widely used response surface designed experiment, characterized by augmenting full or fractional factorial designs with center and axial points to estimate parameters for a second-order model and predict curvature? a) Randomized block designs18 b) Crossover designs1819 c) Central Composite Designs10... d) Before-after designs
c) Central Composite Designs
5.
Which of the following is highlighted as a significant limitation of cohort studies? a) They cannot investigate multiple effects of a single exposure. b) They are highly suited for identifying the causes of sudden disease outbreaks. c) They always provide definitive proof of causation rather than just clues. d) They are expensive to run and often take many years, sometimes decades, to produce results
d) They are expensive to run and often take many years, sometimes decades, to produce results