Early Bronze Age
The first recorded war in history (around 2700 BCE) was fought between the Sumerian city of Kish and this neighboring civilization
What is Elam?
The Middle Bronze Age in Mesopotamia is generally dated to this period (within 100 years on each end).
What is c. 2000–1500 BCE?
This Empire rose in the late Bronze age to rule most of Anatolia before clashing with Egyptians over the city of Kadesh.
Who are the Hitites?
Southern Mesopotamia’s flat, marshy plains depended on this periodic event for water and fertile soil.
What is the flooding of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers?
Bronze, the key metal of the age, is made by combining copper with this other metal
What is Tin?
In early Sumerian city-states, rulers who served as both priests and kings were called this.
What are Ensi?
Sargon’s son Rimush maintained the Akkadian Empire’s power largely through these methods.
What is harsh military campaigns and destruction of rebellious cities?
What is the horse?
Sumerians traded with the distant Indus Valley Civilization, which they called this name.
What is Meluhha?
The Akkadian Empire reached its height under Sargon and his successors, with its capital located in this city
What is Akkad
The Sumerians, often called the “black-headed people,” first appeared in southern Mesopotamia around this time period (within 1000 years)
What is 4000 BCE?
Ur-Nammu expelled the Gutians and restored Sumerian rule, founding the Ur III dynasty in which city?
What is Ur?
The Yamnaya pastoralists of the Bronze Age pontic steppe are believed to be responsible for the spreading of this language family to Europe.
What is indo-european?
The Uluburun ship carried over 20 tons of cargo, mostly these materials
What are copper and tin?
A gold scarab bearing the name of this Egyptian queen helped archaeologists date the Uluburun shipwreck
Who was Nefertiti?
The earliest known writing system, cuneiform, first developed in this first Mesopotamian city.
What is Uruk?
The Akkadian Empire eventually collapsed after invasions by this group
Who are the Gutians?
The Old Babylonian Empire was established when this Amorite king united Sumer and Akkad
Who is Hammurabi?
Because Mesopotamia lacked most natural resources, its people imported these essential materials
What are metal ores, timber, and stone?
The first true empire in Mesopotamian history was founded by this leader
Who is Sargon of Akkad?
Several Sumerian city-states—Umma, Lagash, Uruk, Nippur, and Adab—formed a loose alliance sometimes known as this.
What is the Ki-engir League?
This Akkadian ruler was the first to declare himself a god and take the title “King of the Four Quarters”
Who is Naram-Sin?
Around 1350 BCE, the main powers of the Near East were Egypt, the Hittites, Mitanni, and Babylon, which was then ruled by this group.
Who were the Kassites?
What are the Tigris and the Euphrates?
One of the earliest known legal codes (before Hammurabi’s) was issued by the ruler Urukagina of this city-state
What is Lagash?