A.K.A.
Programmed cell death
What is apoptosis?
This complex of proteins acts as an adaptor between microtubles and centromere
of chromosomes
What is the kinetochore?
Adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups make up this energy-carrying nucleotide.
What is ATP?
The process by
which cells develop specialized
properties
What is differentiation?
Having one complete set of chromosomes rather than two, gametes are classified as this.
What is Haploid?
Responsible for conditions like trisomy 21, this failure of chromosome separation occurs during meiosis I or II.
What is non-disjunction?
In this type of DNA replication, each daughter molecule contains one parental strand and one new strand.
What is semi-conservative
This is the first stage of organismal development
What is cell division?
These are DNA sequences that contain regulatory sequences and
multiple protein-coding sequences
What are Operons?
When all of the cells in an
organism contain the same genes
What is genetic equivalence?
Crossing over, independent assortment of chromosomes, and random fertilization all introduce what to a population?
What is genetic variation?
These are RNA strands that fold into distinct 3D
shapes and have catalytic activity
What are ribozymes?
De-differentiated or reprogrammed animal cells
What are induced pluripotent stem cells? (iPSCs)
Genes can be silenced by methylation of DNA in these gene regulatory regions.
What are promotors?
These polymerize from Centrosome and attach to the kinetochore
What are microtubules?
Taking place prior to metaphase I, this event increases genetic diversity by swapping DNA between homologs.
What is crossing over?
Formed between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the sugar of the next, these bonds create the sugar-phosphate backbone.
What are phosphodiester bonds?
Arranged in chromosomal clusters, these genes are expressed in the same order they appear along the body’s head-to-tail axis
What are Hox genes?
The individual structural units of chromatin made up of DNA and the 8 histone proteins around which it is wrapped.
What are nucleosomes?
Discovered in studies of frog eggs, this cyclin–CDK complex triggers the onset of M phase
What is MPF? (M-phase promoting factor)
This protein physically binds
sister chromatids together
What is cohesin?
This rule states that in DNA, the amount of adenine equals thymine and the amount of guanine equals cytosine.
What is Chargoff's rule
These are cytoplasmic signaling molecules that are used to determine orientation in
an embryo
What are morphogens?
Actively transcribed genes can be silenced when they are experimentally relocated from euchromatin to these chromosomal regions.
What is heterochromatin?