CH 17
How many nucleotides are needed to code for a protein with 450 amino acids?
At least 1,350
Viruses that infect bacteria are called __________.
bacteriophages
Darwin originally defined evolution as __________
Descent with modification
Sexual recombination includes the shuffling of chromosomes in __________ and fertilization.
meiosis
What condition is necessary for speciation to occur?
Reproductive isolation
In many cases, more than one codon codes for the same amino acid. Because of this, we say that the code is __________.
redundant
What can a virus do without a host cell?
Nothing, without a host the capsid will breakdown
The smallest unit that can evolve is a(n) __________.
Population
What is an example of a genetic bottleneck and how did it affect the population?
N/A
Difference between sympatric and allopatric speciaiton?
Allopatric speciation - geographic separation of populations from a parent species and subsequent evolution
Sympatric speciation - involves speciation occurring within a parent species remaining in one location
Transcription takes place in the ______ and translation takes place in the ______.
Nucleus, cytoplasm
The phage reproductive cycle that kills the bacterial host cell is a __________ cycle, and a phage that always reproduces this way is a __________ phage.
lytic, virulent
How did some strains of Staphylococcus aureus become resistant to antibiotic drugs?
Some members of the bacteria population must have had genetic variation that made them resistant to antibiotics, and these bacteria had greater reproductive success than sensitive individuals.
What 3 things contribute to genetic variation?
mutation, genetic recombination, and gene flow in the population
At which point in the adaptation of a population is it clear that speciation has occurred?
Gene pool changes establish reproductive barriers between two populations.
At one point, as a cell carried out its day-to-day activities, the nucleotides GAT were paired with the nucleotides CUA. This pairing occurred __________.
During transcription.
How do prions affect the organism they infected?
trigger normal proteins in the brain to fold abnormally
The appendix in humans is an example of what kind of structure?
Vestigial
What are the 5 requirements for hardy weinberg equilibrium?
There are two groups of pine trees that appear to be very similar phenotypically and genotypically. However, one releases pollen in January, when the female structures of that group are receptive, and one in March. What kind of reproductive barrier is this?
Temporal
What are all of the start and stop codons?
Start: AUG
Stop: UAA, UGA, UAG
A prophage is a ______.
viral genome that has been incorporated into a bacterial cell's chromosome
What 2 things did Darwin inference from his observations?
1.) Individuals whose inherited traits give
them a higher probability of surviving and reproducing
in a given environment tend to leave more offspring
than other individuals.
2.) This unequal ability of
individuals to survive and reproduce
will lead to the accumulation of
favorable traits in the population over
generations.
A rather large population have 396 red-sided individuals and 557 tan-sided individuals. Assume that red is totally recessive. Calculate the frequencies for each allele and the predicted number of heterozygous members.
p = 0.645
q = 0.355
436 heterozygous
Two species of frogs belonging to the same genus occasionally mate, but the embryos stop developing after a day and then die. What mechanisms keep the species separate?
Reduced hybrid viability