Chemistry, Bonds
A neutral atom has an atomic number of 6. Give the number of protons and electrons it contains.
What is 6 protons and 6 electrons?
(Explanation: Atomic number = number of protons. A neutral atom has equal numbers of protons and electrons.)
Carbon forms this many covalent bonds because _______.
What is 4
What is: it has 4 valence electrons, and therefore needs 4 valence electrons shared to complete its valence shell
the macromolecule identified in picture a
what is a carbohydrate
These cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
What are prokaryotic cells?
(explained, DNA in a nucleoid region rather than a membrane-bound nucleus and lack organelles with membranes)
The semifluid substance that fills the inside of the cell
What is the cytoplasm/cytosol?
Electrons do this in a covalent bond. The strength of a covalent bond
What is shared?
What is extremely strong?
A drop of water tends to hold together rather than immediately spreading apart, like water beading on a lily pad. Name this property of water and explain what causes it.
What is cohesion (leading to surface tension)
What is: hydrogen bonds in water molecules leading to partial charges on oxygen and hydrogen; water molecules are attracted to each other
This reaction will join nucleic acid monomers into dna/rna/atp
what is dehydration synthesis
As a cell gets larger, its volume increases faster than its surface area. This relationship helps explain why cells must remain very small
What is the surface area-to-volume ratio?
Explanation: smaller cells have a greater surface area relative to their volume, which allows, nutrients, oxygen, and wastes to move across the membrane more efficiently
Cellular respiration occurs here to produce ATP
What is the mitochondria?
An explanation of van der waals forces and their relative strength
What are weak attractions between two nonpolar molecules caused by electron distribution? Because they are temporary, they are the weakest bond we discussed.
The explanation of polarity in water, and the reason it exists in water.
what is...
why it occurs: oxygen and hydrogen have a high electronegativity difference
what it means: causes a partial positive in hydrogen and partial negative charge in oxygen, allowing some other substances to be attracted
These amphipathic lipids arrange into a bilayer and form the major structural component of cell membranes
What are phospholipids?
A substance moves from an area of high concentration to low concentration through a membrane protein without ATP hydrolysis occurring. Name this type of transport.
Explained: fac. diff. uses transport proteins to move polar molecules/ions down their concentration gradient. down conc. grad.=no required energy
The difference between the smooth and rough ER
(What is the reason?)
What are ribosomes?
They synthesize proteins.
Water molecules contain both polar covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds. Identify where each type of bond occurs.
What is: Polar covalent bonds occur within a single water molecule between oxygen and hydrogen, while hydrogen bonds occur between separate water molecules because of their partial charges.
The difference between an amino functional group and an amide functional group. (You can draw a picture or explain in words)
What is... amino group: -NH2
amide group: Carbonyl group with "r" group is an amino group -C(=O)NH-
This level of protein structure results from interactions between amino acid R groups, including hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and disulfide bridges.
what is tertiary structure?
An animal cell is placed in a solution with a higher solute concentration outside the cell than inside. Identify the tonicity of the solution and what happens to the cell
What is hypertonic?
What is: the cell loses water and shrivels?
Explained: water leaves the cell by osmosis toward the region with the higher solute concentration
This organelle is responsible for breaking down damaged parts of the cell or other wastes
What is the lysosome?
Two carbon atoms both have 6 protons. One has 6 neutrons, while the other has 8 neutrons. 1. If they are the same element 2. The term that describes their relationship
What is:
1. Yes
2. Isotope (diff number of neutrons, still same number of protons, therefore same element)
Two molecules have the same basic carbon skeleton. One has a methyl group attached, while the other has a phosphate group attached.
1. An example of what these molecules could look like.
2. Explain how the two would differ in their ability to dissolve in water.
What is...
1. Any carbon-skeleton structure: one with --CH3, one with --OPO3H2 branched off a carbon
2. The phosphate group is more polar; therefore, it is more likely to dissolve in water. Methyl is the only NP functional group we talked about and doesn't increase the polarity of this already nonpolar carbon skeleton.
DNA contains this sugar, while RNA contains ribose. The difference occurs at the second carbon of the sugar
What is deoxyribose?
This membrane pump uses ATP hydrolysis to move 3 Na+ out of the cell for every 2 K+ ions moved into the cell, maintaining low [Na+] and high [K+] inside the cell.
What is the sodium-potassium pump?
The "mail center" of a cell that is responsible for sorting and shipping proteins to export them to other locations in the cell
AND
The 3 locations these proteins could be sent to
What is the Golgi apparatus?
What are lysosomes, vacuoles, and the plasma membrane?